CO2 and Energy Efficiency of Different Heating Technologies in the Dutch Glasshouse Industry

This paper uses Data Envelopment Analysis tocompute input-based technical efficiencymeasures and CO₂ and energy technicalefficiency of specialised vegetable firms inthe Netherlands over the period 1991–1995. Input-based scale efficiency is also calculatedfor each firm. These efficiency measures aregenerated for firms with different heatingtechnologies. The empirical results indicatethat firms use energy quite efficiently and areless efficient in terms of CO₂ emissions. Differences in CO₂ (energy) efficiencyacross different technologies are (not)statistically significant. In particular,firms using traditional heating technologiesare less efficient in terms of CO₂. Scaleadjustments can provide an importantcontribution to further efficiencyimprovements.     

The Interaction Between Efficiency Wage Theories and Labour Turnover Costs

We develop a simple model to illustrate how the effects of turnover costs on wages can be reinforced by an efficiency wage effect. The insider–outsider theory explains why labour turnover costs allow the insiders to earn higher wages than outsiders. According to the efficiency wage theory, higher wages enhance the insiders' productivity. Therefore, the costs of replacing an insider by a low–paid, low–productivity outsider are increased, which allows the insiders to raise their wages further. Again, higher wages increase insiders' productivity, which allows them to earn still higher wages, and so on. Thus, the existence of a link between effort and wages can reinforce the effects of labour turnover costs on wages.     

能量价值论

作者在分析传统的劳动价值论及其局限性的基础上,提出能量价值论及能量价值决定论,并阐述了能量价值论的意义。     

能源使用效率与中国能源价格市场化

中国能源市场的上游价格已完成市场化并与国际接轨,而终端零售市场价格却仍然受到政府的严格管制.有证据表明,政府的这种管制很可能是出于对于能源价格上涨对经济增长和通货膨胀的负面影响的担忧.政府在价格管制的同时也对国内炼油、发电等下游企业进行补贴和税收减免,以缓解企业压力.从长期来看,这种管制不利于实现节能减排和经济转型,势必将影响居民的长期福利.但在现在的经济局势下,立刻解除管制必然会对经济产生过大的冲击,政府应该通过鼓励能源企业用户进行节能设备的投资,并在此过程中逐渐减少价格干预,才有可能最终实现能源终端消费市场的价格市场化并将其对经济增长的影响降到最低.     

Persistence of Capacity Shortage and the Role of Adjustment Costs

This paper finds that plant capital constraints on output in UK industry tend to persist for surprisingly long periods, reflecting a slow response of capital investment. The paper examines the conventional view that this response pattern may be explained by cost of adjustment. Using UK time‐series data for a small number of industry groups, it is shown that the observed dynamics of capital constraints (capital shortage) are not fully explained by a quadratic adjustment cost model or by alternative forms of adjustment cost.     

城市收缩对能源效率的影响及作用机制

在探讨城市收缩对能源效率的影响机理和路径机制的基础上,利用2005-2016年中国279个地级市面板数据,测度了城市收缩对能源效率的影响,并运用中介效应模型识别了传导机制。结果显示,城市收缩显著降低了能源效率水平,收缩城市面临人口流失和能源效率下降的双重压力,技术创新能力和城市紧凑度是城市收缩影响能源效率的主要路径,城市收缩通过降低技术创新能力和城市紧凑度进一步对能源效率产生抑制作用。为此,可从促进创新能力可持续发展、优化城市人口空间分布等角度改进收缩城市的能源效率。     

Optimal Conservation Programs, Asymmetric Information and the Role of Fixed Costs

An increasing number of environmental protection programs offers financial compensation to farmers in exchange for conservation services. Incentive-compatible contracts can be designed to mitigate excess compensation, but the extant literature suggests that outcomes are always second-best so that other instruments (such as conservation auctions) may be preferred. We argue that the claim regarding the first-best solution never being incentive-compatible is correct if all conservation costs are variable in nature; if there are fixed costs too, the first-best compensation scheme may be incentive-compatible after all. Given the relevance of fixed costs in conservation issues, we conclude that incentive-compatible contracts should be given a second chance as a policy measure to induce conservation.     

On the Trade-off Between Work-related Training and Labor Mobility: The Role of Firing and Exit Costs

Within an incomplete-contract framework, we examine the consequences of contract renegotiation for contract design/enforcement and training market efficiency. Specifically, we show how the imposition of either firing costs or exit costs can bind together employers and employees in longer-lasting employment relationships that allow both agents to amortize their training investments. Nevertheless, the model implies that, although firing and exit costs provide institutional solutions to the training under-investment problem, this is achieved at the expense of allocative efficiency (efficient separations). Empirical evidence supports the existence of such a trade-off.revised version received July 23, 2003     

我国区域能源效率收敛性分析

基于变异系数的分析显示,我国整体视角的能源效率是趋异的.但就区域层面而言,西部能源效率表现出发散的迹象,东部显示出趋同的特征,而中部则呈现出逐渐向东部收敛的态势.在西部地区,西北能源效率具有明显的发散特征,西南能源效率的变异系数处于频繁波动状态.通过借鉴经典的收敛回归模型检验发现,中部能源效率和经济发展水平越低,能源效率向东部水平收敛的速度愈快,具有β收敛的特征.通过对省际能源效率影响因素的分析,我们认为,西部要实现能源效率向东部、中部的收敛,必须弱化政府对经济的直接干预,并加大人力资本投资力度.     

我国区域能源效率及其影响因素研究

如何以较少的能源消耗实现现代化战略目标,是我国必须解决的问题。为了有效提高能源效率,我们有必要弄清楚我国能源效率现状及其影响因素之间的关系。本文首先把环境因素加入到考量能源效率的指标体系当中,对能源效率重新定义,接着通过构建结构方程模型,分析了经济结构、技术进步、制度（能源市场化）、交通运输、工业能源投资等方面对能源效率的影响程度,测算出能源效率与其影响因素之间的关系。通过实证研究发现：从各因素对能源效率的贡献比重来看,市场化程度和对外开放影响系数最大;其次是交通运输,技术进步;而经济结构对能源效率的影响系数呈反向关系,其中第二产业比重在经济结构中影响较大。说明市场化程度、对外开放程度、技术水平的提高和交通运输的提升都会促进我国能源效率的提高。技术进步因素对我国能源效率的正向作用有待于进一步加强。     

The Endowment Effect and Expected Utility

The endowment effect, which is well documented in the contingent valuation literature, alters people's preferences according to a reference point established in an elicitation question. In particular, the utility that people place on a bundle is both a positive function of the quantities of the goods comprising the bundle, and a negative function of any loss (real or hypothetical) that the elicitation question asks them to incur. Biases such as this have lead some to reject the contingent valuation method as a means of quantifying costs and benefits in favour of other methods of preference elicitation such as standard gambles. But, most preference elicitation methods used by economists require people to express their preferences for one good in terms of their willingness to forego some of another good. Consequently, it is reasonable to expect that, and prudent to check whether, an endowment effect is also evident in other methods of preference elicitation such as von Neumann-Morgenstern's standard gambles. Internal inconsistencies in the standard gamble method from the experimental economics literature and from a study into the value of non-fatal road injuries are shown to be evidence that an endowment effect is also at work in standard gambles.     

能源效率的地区差异及影响因素——基于中部6省面板数据的研究

本文运用全要素生产函数理论方法测算了中部6省1998～2008年的能源效率,并从技术进步、能源价格、产业结构、产权结构等角度分析了中部各省能源效率的影响因素.分析表明,R&D投入、能源价格对中部地区能源效率有显著的积极作用,第二产业比重增加会抑制能源效率的改进,能源消费结构和产权结构的影响作用不显著.     

基于DEA的我国能源效率分析及路径选择

文章基于1978-2013年的年度数据,运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,对我国能源效率进行了实证研究,发现改革开放以来我国能源效率在不断提高。通过考察能源经济效率、产业结构变化、技术水平以及能源加工转换效率,进一步证明了我国能源效率在提高。在能源经济效率方面,我国万元生产总值能耗的变动表现出明显的下降趋势;在产业结构方面,随着工业转为相对集约的发展模式,能源利用效率也随之提高;在技术水平方面,我国越来越重视科技投入,注重技术进步对提高能源效率的长期正向作用;在能源加工转换效率方面,我国能源效率也在提高。然而,在能源结构、产业化发展、技术水平以及与国际相比较方面,我国能源效率都比较低。因此,我国需要建立健全能源政策,重视可再生能源发展;需要积极调整产业结构,加强能源研发投入,提升技术水平;通过加强能源国际合作,提升我国能源效率。     

经济集聚对全要素能源效率的影响研究

全要素能源效率是能源消费活动中以资本、劳动和能源作为投入要素,将有效经济产出作为产出要素测算出来的能源经济运行效率.经济集聚在不同阶段通过规模效应、技术效应、产业产品结构效应和政策环境效应对全要素能源效率存在非线性关系影响.文章基于2004-2018年中国30个省级行政区的面板数据,采用静态和动态空间面板模型验证经济集聚对全要素能源效率的作用.结论 表明,在经济初步集聚阶段,经济集聚对全要素能源效率有降低作用;在经济深度集聚阶段,经济集聚对全要素能源效率有显著提高作用,并提出通过深化经济集聚发展、加强环境规制来提升全要素能源效率的建议.     

采用价值工程原理降低隧道工程施工成本的探讨

本文从隧道工程的特点出发,结合台缙高速公路雪岭隧道施工项目,提出在隧道工程施工阶段采用价值工程原理全面降低成本的途径和方法,供施工企业在隧道施工成本管理时参考。     

能源效率对中国油气进口贸易影响研究——基于与主要能源伙伴国全要素能源效率的面板数据

中国油气进口存在依存度高、进口区域集中和运输风险较大等问题,确保中国油气进口安全稳定是实现能源高质量发展的前提和基础,提高全要素能源效率则是关键所在.文章基于Malmquist的DEA方法测算了中国与"一带一路"沿线主要油气能源伙伴国全要素能源效率,并进一步通过面板数据模型研究了能源效率及其他因素对中国油气进口贸易的影响,结果发现:中国全要素能源效率不高,且石油领域劣于天然气领域;提升中国能源效率可一定程度缓解石油进口压力,但会进一步促进天然气进口;提升清洁能源在能源结构中的占比可缓解中国油气进口压力,但当前的影响作用尚小.未来,可从提高中国全要素能源效率、扩大清洁能源占比、多元化油气进口渠道和加大油气能源储备建设等方面改善中国油气进口情况.     

我国能源使用效率的变化及其影响因素分析

本文将影响能源使用效率的因素归结为技术因素、稀缺性因素和产业结构因素三个方面,为分析能源消费的使用效率提供了新的思路.本文以我国经济数据为基础,在将上述三个因素量化之后,通过单位根检验和协整检验确定了它们与我国能源使用效率之间存在的协整关系,并在此基础之上建立了误差修正模型,对我国能源使用效率的变化规律及其与上述三个因素之间的关系进行了分析.最后,依据计量分析的结论,为改善我国能源消费的使用效率提供了相应的政策建议.     

我国经济增长过程中能源利用效率的改进

本文分析了我国经济快速增长条件下能源消费减缓的原因。与国内外一些学者观点不同的是 ,本文认为我国改革开放以来能源利用效率的改进是非常显著的。对外开放、产业结构和经济体制是影响能源利用效率的重要因素。 2 0世纪 90年中期以后 ,除产业结构外 ,这些因素对提高能源利用效率的作用有所增强 ,工业能源利用效率的提高在一定程度上抵消了产业结构变动的反向作用。