Cigarette pack and advertising displays at point of purchase: community demand for restrictions

Tobacco promotion influences tobacco consumption. Traditional forms of tobacco promotion have been heavily restricted in response to the harmful effects of tobacco. Tobacco displays at the point of purchase are increasingly important as a means of communicating brand imagery for the tobacco industry, especially when advertising is restricted at these points. Previous research has demonstrated that children exposed to tobacco advertising at the point of purchase have inflated perceptions of availability, use and popularity of tobacco. Internationally, laws are being debated and implemented to prohibit or restrict the display of tobacco at the point of purchase or put tobacco out of sight. Such measures would reduce tobacco product exposure and, hence, tobacco marketing among youth and the community. In South Australia, a ban on all cigarette advertising at the point of purchase was introduced in 2005. This study was designed to assess community support for restrictions on cigarette displays and advertising at the point of purchase. A telephone survey was conducted with a random sample of 2026 South Australian adults (aged 18 years and over) in July 2005. Overall, 63% of the community approved of a hypothetical total ban on cigarette displays at the point of purchase, with over three‐quarters believing this should happen in the next 12 months. A further 24% believed that cigarette displays should be restricted and 82% would approve of a ban on displays in stores that sell confectionary. Only 7% of adult smokers reported making their decision about the brand of cigarettes to buy at the point of purchase and 90% made their decision before they even entered the shop. The results strengthen arguments that cigarette displays are not necessary to maintain brand loyalty or to encourage brand switching of established smokers. Instead, the results make arguments more credible that cigarette displays normalize and promote smoking among young people and may also promote unplanned purchase or increased consumption among less frequent smokers or former smokers. Placing cigarettes out of sight would be unlikely to impact on brand choice for most smokers, who have already made up their mind before they enter the store.     

Ads That Attack the Tobacco Industry: A Review and Recommendations

ABSTRACT

While traditional anti-tobacco social marketing campaigns have focused on prevention and cessation, a new breed of anti-tobacco message has arisen during the last decade, which focuses on attacking the tobacco industry and its tactics. This type of anti-tobacco program has been termed a tobacco industry manipulation campaign in the United States, where it was introduced in the early 1990s. The objective of a tobacco industry manipulation campaign is to point out negative traits of the tobacco industry, including manipulative marketing strategies and tactics. Evaluations of tobacco industry manipulation campaigns have found that these ads are effective in redirecting the guilt that smokers often feel, channeling it instead into anger at being manipulated. Guidelines are provided for how social marketers can incorporate this approach within their tobacco control campaigns.     

Use of tobacco retailer inspections to reduce tobacco sales to youth: do inspections increase retailer compliance?

Public health efforts to prevent tobacco use among young people have typically attempted to change individual behaviour. More recently, it has become evident that macro‐level behaviour change strategies which impact on the wider social environment are more effective in changing behaviour. In most states, retailer compliance laws restrict the sale and distribution of tobacco products to minor consumers. Indiana's Tobacco Retailer Inspection Program (TRIP), a state government programme, was established to put environmental controls in place by restricting youth access to tobacco products. TRIP involved conducting random, unannounced tobacco retailer outlet inspections, with violators being fined, and compliant retailers rewarded. This study examines the associations among retailer inspections, retailer compliance and access to tobacco by youthful consumers. Inspection data from 2001 to 2003 were analysed using chi‐square statistics and analysis of variance. Findings indicate that randomly selected retail outlet inspections are associated with increased sales restrictions to youth. The researchers conclude that strong tobacco sales regulations and enforcement will reduce illegal sales of tobacco products to minors.     

Tobacco smoking's changing trajectory in Australia

This paper examines data from four Australian National Health Surveys and shows that decline in tobacco smoking prevalence experienced in Australia since World War II may not have continued as might have been inferred from the Lopez et al. model. The decline may have stabilized at approximately 20% of the adult population despite active anti-smoking campaigns. The data also suggest that changes in smoking status have not been consistent across all segments of the population despite all segments being exposed to the same fear-based campaign strategy. The data also suggests that while this health-scare approach may have coincided with improvements in the proportions of some groups of smokers who successfully quit the habit, an increase in the proportion of young females who have, at some stage, commenced to smoke has begun. If smoking prevalence is to be eradicated in Australia or other similar markets, campaigns must address cessation and prevention.     

The protective effect of fences: providing protection to the 0-4 year-old

Abstract

In this study the minimum standards are investigated which must be imposed on fences in order for them to act as a barrier to children from the particular risk group (2 and 3-year-olds).The study sought to establish the minimum height usable, because a fence of this type can be climbed more easily by older children and young people, and hence damage due to vandalism (by these older people in order to pass it) is less likely to occur. This is very important, because damage of this kind also destroys the fence's ability to protect very young children.

By means of a literature study parameters were identified that are relevant for the ease with which fences can be climbed. These include: personal characteristics and fence characteristics such as: height, geometry (chain-link fabric, bars, and welded steel wires), top geometry and post flexibility. A design set-up was made having 5 different types of fences and the effective height of the fence could be changed during the study by means of steps in front and behind the fence.

The testers were 31 boys and 35 girls divided according to age (by half years), producing 7 groups of roughly 10 children each. The children were asked to climb these fences. Information is given on the percentage of children (per age group) stopped by each fence, and the mean time required for successful attempts. It must be concluded that it is hard to prevent somewhat older children (4-5 yrs old) from climbing a fence. The fence having flexible posts and the one having bars were found to be the most effective.     

Promotional Framing of Green Products: Mediating Role of Sale Proneness

Abstract

The impact of sales promotion in boosting short-term sales is well established in the literature. While there are ample studies on the impact of sales promotion on conventional products in western countries, there is very scant research on the effect of promotions on green products and almost nonexistence research in emerging economies. This research addresses this gap by doing a comparative assessment of economically equivalent bonus pack sales promotion and price discount sales promotions on green versus non-green products through two experiments designed as a 2 (green product motivation: hedonic vs. utilitarian) × 2 (promotional frame: price discount vs. bonus pack) × 2 (discount level: low vs. high) between-subjects study, and 2 ( product types: green, non-green/control) × 2(promotional frame: price discount, bonus pack) between-subjects study. This research further examines the mediating role of sale proneness in the purchase process. The findings of this research indicate that buyers' preferences for promotion are quite varied for the purchase of green versus non-green products, and the price discount increases sale proneness which exerts a negative impact on product purchase willingness. Accordingly, this study has some theoretical and practical implications.     

About the authors

Targeting young people in their early teens before they have established a smoking habit may be critical to reducing smoking rates. Mass-media campaigns can play an important role in reaching large numbers of young people directly with prevention messages. Given the current level of debate in this area regarding which message theme is most appropriate, this study was conducted to explore young people’s views, attitudes and behaviours towards smoking, and examine young people’s response to different types of message appeal. A qualitative research design was employed and a total of 12 focus groups and 18 friendship pairs were conducted in England with 11-14-year-olds, half of whom were smokers and half of whom were experimenting with smoking. The results indicate that no single anti-smoking message appeal is likely to have universal appeal and that young people’s response to message appeals is mediated by the values they attach to smoking. Implications for future youth smoking prevention campaigns targeting young people in England are discussed.     

Action,regulation, and response: The tobacco industry in the United States and Canada

One of the discoveries of the New World was tobacco. It was brought to Spain by Columbus and other explorers and used for a multitude of medicinal purposes, but not until Sir Walter Raleigh brought tobacco to the English throne, explaining that the native peoples smoked this leaf, and started using a clay pipe in 1586, did smoking tobacco become known and accepted in Europe. From these beginnings in what would become Virginia, the United States tobacco industry of today grew. Today, tobacco generates some $45 billion profits for the publicly held companies in the United States, while in Canada in 1983, the sale of cigarettes alone generated Canadian $62.7 billion.     

Back to basics in the marketing of place: the impact of litter upon place attitudes

Abstract

Attempts to apply marketing theory and principles to place have become a legitimate area of academic and ‘real world’ practice. However, place marketing does not typically incorporate all elements of the traditional 7 Ps, focusing far too often on just one of these – promotion. Besides this rather myopic approach, place marketing suffers from an overly strategic view of the world that ignores the meaning and lived experience of places to individuals, especially residents. The purpose of this article is twofold – first, we investigate the impact of litter on place attitudes. Litter is a common, but negative, element of place, which is intimately connected to the lived experience of a place but typically far removed from the positive promotional activity favoured by place marketing efforts and the study thereof. In this sense, the article reframes place marketing from a strategic to a micro-marketing endeavour. We found that exposing respondents to litter significantly lowers their place attitudes. Our second contribution is to demonstrate the relevance of classic marketing research approaches, such as attitudinal measures, to investigate litter and its impact on place evaluations, through quasi-experimental design (with 662 respondents). Through this, we extend the range of theory and method applied in place marketing – away from controllable promotional endeavours investigated through case-studies to a more holistic and robust interpretation of place marketing, which has a measurable impact upon the places where people live and visit.     

Urban place marketing and retail agglomeration customers

Abstract

Through identifying the attributes of a place that have an influence on the patronage behaviour of urban retail customers, this paper presents a conceptual model that proposes direct and indirect antecedents regarding the different retail-related dimensions associated with urban place attractiveness. An empirical study was conducted whereby the model was tested by surveying approximately 500 actual customers at the time they visited a particular town centre for the purposes of shopping. The results showed that the retail tenant mix, the merchandise value, and the atmosphere had a direct impact, and the product range and the sales personnel an indirect impact upon the evaluation of attractiveness. Furthermore, a number of additional effects towards these antecedents were identified with respect to parking conditions, the non-retail tenant mix, manoeuvrability, and orientation. This revealed that retailing activities were a major driver of attractiveness for an urban place. The practical implication of these findings suggests that place marketing activities should be proactive in supporting and enabling retailers in fulfilling their roles.     

Impact of Reputation and Promotion on Internet Auction Outcomes: Finnish Evidence

The purpose of this article is to explore the impact of seller’s reputation and promotional methods on auction outcomes in the Finnish online auction website, Huuto.net. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses are used to test a set of hypotheses. The dataset consists of 227 auctions of iPhone 4S 16 GB mobile phones posted for auction by 138 individual sellers. The main finding is that sellers who have acquired a free identification from Huuto.net achieve a hefty increase in the final sales price. Sellers who have not established an online reputation achieve considerably lower closing prices at auction. An increase in negative feedback points reduces the final sales price. Purchasing display-enhancing promotional options does not increase the price but may improve probability of sale. Establishing reputation, avoiding negative feedback, and acquiring identification pay off. The promotional options associated with fonts and colors are not worth the cost.     

Designing a Country Marketing Function:

Most governments of developing and industrialized countries are in the market for foreign direct investment. Indeed, in the case of developing countries, new entrants to this market are constantly emerging. This paper reports on a study that examines the generic structures governments have adopted in their efforts to promote their countries as sites for foreign direct investment. It pays special attention to the question of whether promotional functions do, or should, differ in structural form based upon the size of the country seeking to attract additional investment. The study concludes that, contrary to existing research, country size does have an impact on the type of generic promotional structure adopted. Larger countries tend to adopt decentralized or coordinated promotional structures, whereas smaller countries tend to rely on centralized promotional structures. Although centralized structures tend to be more efficient, larger countries are forced by regional pressures to include multiple organizations in their promotional activities. The study argues that given the type of investment likely to be attracted to larger countries, diffusion of the promotional function is an appropriate structural response. But, when this diffused function is coordinated countries are likely to gain the benefits of promotional efficiency while allowing for the involvement of regional entities.     

The moderating effects of in-store marketing on the relationships between shopping motivations and loyalty intentions

This study attempts to understand the moderating roles of in-store marketing by incorporating the effects of shopping motivations on repatronage and word-of-mouth intentions in the context of fashion apparel by applying theories related to self-determination and social impact. Structural equation modeling using data collected from young adult fashion apparel shoppers in Thailand reveals positive effects of shopping motivations. The utilitarian shopping motivation shows a greater effect in predicting loyalty intentions than hedonistic shopping motivation. In-store marketing is shown to have a moderating effect on loyalty intentions, although the influence of each moderator on the investigated direct effects varies. The findings can prove helpful to fashion apparel retailers in developing effective advertising and promotional strategies that correspond to the specific needs of the shoppers to promote store loyalty intentions.     

Healthy Food: Determinants of Price Knowledge of Functional Dairy Products

Agri-food business pricing practices assume that consumers know about prices and that price is an impediment to healthy food purchase and consumption. The present article assesses functional dairy food shoppers’ price knowledge accuracy and its determinants. The data were gathered from 207 face-to-face interviews with shoppers at the point of sale and were analyzed with binary logistic regression testing a number of set hypotheses. Results show that healthy food price knowledge is higher than for conventional food but still low, and consumers tend to underestimate the price paid. Price knowledge accuracy increases with high purchase frequency, promotional products, hedonistic consumption, and for enhanced function products. Results provide a basis for higher sustainable pricing strategies. Consumers’ inability to distinguish misleading pricing strategies calls for regulators to ensure fair and ethical market practices, especially for healthy food.     

高校教材招标采购的探讨与对策分析

本文运用文献综述法探讨了高校教材采购的必然性,指出高校教材招标采购出现新变化的同时也存在一些严重的问题,人情标、暗标在实际操作中仍然存在。本文以此为切入点提出了改进措施:建立必要的监督机制;精心选聘评标专家;精心编制教材招标书;及时订立购销合间,严格执行合同条款等。     

特殊销售方式下商品收入的会计与税务处理探析

在市场竞争过程中,企业为了促销商品,销售货物的形式具有多样化的特点。企业需要做好特殊销售的会计处理与税务处理,力求及时准确地确认收入,正确地进行纳税申报。因此对现金折扣、商业折扣、销售折让、以物易物和收取包装物押金等情况下销售收入的会计和税务处理进行了探讨和分析。     

Marketing Mechanisms Used for Summer Food Service Programs

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to determine the mechanisms/channels used for marketing the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP), a federal program that provides free, nutritious meals to children during the summer months. This study utilized a multiple-site, exploratory case study design of 16 sites from seven states and Washington, DC. Data were gathered using various methods: conducting structured interviews with SFSP administrators, administering a short survey about the SFSP, and researchers’ observations of mealtime and marketing displays. Utilizing the Process Model for Customer Journey and Experience coding framework, we examined 107 marketing elements of SFSP on the basis of type of promotional mix, purchase phases, and interaction of consumer experience touch point types. Findings suggest SFSPs primarily use paid advertising and public relations as preferred marketing mix channels of SFSPs. Furthermore, findings suggest that SFSPs utilize a variety of promotional mix elements in the preconsumption and consumption phases of the customer journey but not in the postconsumption phase. Findings also revealed SFSP operators favor brand-owned and partner-owned customer touch points in the customer journey.     

Effectiveness of price discounts and premium promotions

Although price discounts are by far the most common form of sales promotions employed by firms, the increasing use of premiums as a promotional strategy may imply that they are occupying a more important place in the promotional strategy. Since price discounts are quite costly and can reduce consumers' reference prices, undermine perception of quality, and hurt brand equity, it is crucial to know what type of promotion is the most preferred and valued by consumers. As the most recent works in the field have argued that the promotional benefit level is an important determinant of promotional effectiveness, this research reports the results of two experimental studies that investigated the interaction effect between promotional benefit level and promotion type across three levels of benefit (low, moderate, high). The results obtained suggest that at high benefit levels price discounts are more effective than premiums, while the opposite occurs at low levels. However, a similar evaluation of promotional tools was found at moderate benefit levels. The findings offer guidance to managers who might benefit from knowing what is the best strategy to promote their products and services. Our work also extends prior related research because, to this date, the effectiveness of price discounts and premiums across promotional benefit levels is an under‐researched issue. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Altruistic nonprofit firms in competitive markets: The case of day-care centers in the United States

Day care for young children is provided in the United States by a wide range of individuals and organizations, both for-profit and nonprofit, public and private. Some children receive direct public subsidies; others do not, but any type of center may, if it wishes, become eligible to accept subsidized children. How can such a heterogeneous industry structure persist? How well has this mixture of organizations and financing arrangements been in responding to the current growth in the labor force participation of mothers? Using cross-section state-by-state data, this paper provides evidence demonstrating that the industry is very responsive to demand conditions (e.g., the level of female labor force participation, the number of children in single-parent families), but that subsidy money is distributed across the nation in a way that bears little relation to the relative needs of the population. Furthermore, interstate differences in regulatory stringency affect relative costs and appear to limit supply where regulations are most restrictive. I also argue that the current mixed industry structure is stable. Many nonprofits provide high-quality services at low prices because they are managed by altruists and receive private donations. Such firms do not, however, take over the market because there are not enough altruistic managers or donors to go around. Instead they ration their supply and those who cannot be served turn to other parts of the market. The marginal producers, however, appear to be for-profits which respond to profitable opportunities by entry and expansion.     

青少年低碳生活伦理素质的家庭养成探究

在全球提倡发展低碳经济的大背景下,低碳生活日渐成为新的生活方式,低碳生活伦理也成为现代人道德文明素质的新要求。家庭是培养青少年低碳生活伦理素质的重要场所,应加强青少年低碳生活知识的认知教育、遵守和践行低碳生活伦理道德规范能力的培养,养成低碳生活道德行为习惯。从家庭生活的小事入手,加强青少年对低碳生活知识的认知;家长以身立范引导青少年选择低碳生活方式;强化养成训练,培养低碳生活行为习惯等。这些都是青少年低碳生活伦理素质家庭养成的基本方法。