Deprival Value or Value to the Owner?—A Clarification

A critical examination of the asset valuation concepts of value to the owner and deprival value. It is argued that these concepts are not synonymous but are, indeed, totally disparate. Specifically, replacement cost is not a measure of value to the owner.     

Replacement Cost Asset Valuation and Regulation of Energy Infrastructure Tariffs

In Australia, access tariffs (rental charges) paid by third party users to the owners of energy transmission assets (e.g., gas pipelines) are determined by regulators on the basis of their depreciated optimized replacement cost (known as DORC). Reliance on the replacement cost, rather than actual cost, of existing assets inflates tariffs and incites the criticism that asset owners earn a return on investments of a scale never made. The economic rationale of the regulators' model is that it emulates the workings of a contestable market, by setting tariffs at a level just short of that required to motivate a new entrant (system duplication). Properly reconstructed, this model constitutes a dynamic and internally consistent theory of replacement cost valuation and depreciation. Its mathematical consequences, however, especially with regard to the valuation of sunk assets with long times to expiry, are shown to be practically and politically unpalatable. In particular, the implied tariff levels for such assets are very close to those that would apply to new infrastructure assets built today at today's prices. Regulators unwilling to accept this implication of a new-entrant-exclusion pricing logic are left with no alternative framework for DORC.     

央行票据再考察:债务置换工具视角

与把央行票据性质定位为中央银行债券的传统角度不同,本文从债务置换工具的视角重新阐释了央行票据的性质。我国的"外汇资产—人民币"发行模式导致了货币的超额发行,央行票据是对中央银行超额发行债务的置换。外汇资产的递增趋势决定了央行票据作为债务置换工具的可持续性。针对央行票据过度膨胀带来的负面影响,文章认为,应该从根源上解决人民币超额发行问题。     

延迟退休年龄、内生生育率与养老金

本文通过构建内生生育率的OLG模型,从微观视角考察了延迟退休年龄对生育率、养老金替代率及其个人养老金收入的影响。研究表明:(1)延迟退休年龄会提高均衡时的生育率水平,但提高幅度非常有限。(2)生育率的提高会增加未来劳动力供给,促进养老金替代率上升和养老金收入增加,而延迟退休年龄延长了养老保险缴费期限,也会促进养老金替代率上升和养老金收入增加;但同时,延迟退休年龄将使得预防性储蓄下降,资本积累降低,工资收入下降,养老金收入降低。因此,延迟退休年龄会使养老金替代率上升。当资本产出弹性大于或等于0.5时,延迟退休年龄会使得养老金收入降低;当资本产出弹性小于0.5时,在平均预期寿命较大或养老保险缴费比例较高的情形下,养老金收入会随着退休年龄的延迟而增加,反之,其会随着退休年龄的延迟而降低。进一步地,将模型拓展到包含人力资本的情形,延迟退休年龄仍会提高均衡时的生育率与养老金替代率。     

Value to the Owner: A Review and Critique

This paper examines the conceptual basis underlying the concept of value to the owner and the contributions to the debate by Solomons (1966) and Baxter (1971, 1975). It is argued that the concept is deficient in a number of respects and it is therefore not surprising that it has been rejected by businessmen. The paper argues that the concept is an unnecessary appendage to the case for reporting some form of replacement cost information. The paper then examines the merits and more general limitations of replacement cost data.     

Schmidt's Betriebswirtschaft Theory

Those only speking English are confronted with considerable confusion regarding the precise nature of Fritz Schmidt's contribution to the German Betriebswirschaft (business economics) movement during the 1920s. The similarity between his theory and the Bedrijfseconomie theory attributed to Theodore Limperg has also been less than clear. The primary cause is that their repective works have not been translated from the original German and Dutch and published in English. This paper draws upon translations to illustrate the substantial similarity between the accounting content of Schmidt's Betriebswirtschaft and that of Limperg's Bedrijfseconomie . Translatio of the 1951 biography of Schmidt by his student and then colleague, publications are contained in Appendix B. Contrary to some perceptions of Schmidt's work, he did address the general price level problem in his theory. And contrary to Limperg's criticism that Schmidt's mechanism for adiusting accounts for prifce and brice level changes was'incident specific', it was an integral part of a theory of business economics which appears to have been at least as comprehensive as Limperg's theory of Bedrijfseconomie .     

基于个税递延政策的企业年金保障水平研究

国家明确以税收优惠的形式鼓励和引导企业和个人参加企业年金计划,并于2014年实施了个税递延政策。基于指标模型构建和数据模拟,本文对我国企业年金在个税递延政策实施前后的保障水平进行了比较,通过参数敏感性分析考察了投资收益、工资增长、退休年龄和缴费比例等因素的影响。研究发现,实施个税递延政策后企业职工的养老保障水平在较大程度上低于政策实施前,但不同性别、不同收入水平和不同缴费比例的企业职工保障水平降低的程度有所差异。收入水平和缴费比例越高的男性职工,个税递延政策实施后保障水平降低的幅度越高,但对女性职工而言,这种影响要弱一些。进一步,可以通过增加投资收益、延迟退休年龄和提升缴费比例等方法来提高企业职工的养老保障水平,这与目前正在进行的一系列改革方向也一致。     

新农保个人账户设计的改进：基于精算模型的分析

根据国务院《关于开展新型农村社会养老保险试点的指导意见》,对新农保个人账户的精算结果表明：（1）采取固定额度缴费,个人账户积累基金将会累退式增长,且在缴费超过30年后,会出现缴费时间越长,替代率越低的现象;（2）大龄参保农民如果选择较低档次缴费,个人账户养老金基本起不到保障作用;（3）政府对个人账户的缴费补贴机制,不足以激励参保农民在经济条件许可的情况下,选择较高档次参保。基于此,应以固定费率取代固定额度缴费;建立缴费补贴的激励机制,引导大龄参保农民选择较高档次缴费;给予个人账户基金合理的计息利率;建立弹性领取养老金年龄机制。本文均通过精算模型对上述改进建议进行了模拟测算。     

城投债发行与地方融资平台主动债务置换——基于银行授信视角

本文探索了银行授信在地方融资平台市场化转型过程中发挥的贯穿性作用。研究发现:(1)在融资平台发行城投债的过程中,银行授信向债券市场提供了增量信息,拥有更高的授信额度将显著提升城投债的信用评级,降低发行成本。(2)获得授信额度越高的融资平台,发行城投债主动置换银行贷款的倾向越强,置换规模越大。进一步,随着融资平台的市场化转型,授信额度对主动债务置换行为的影响逐渐强烈。本文的政策建议在于,地方融资平台应进一步提升其盈利能力,发挥授信额度积极的信号传递作用。更为重要的是,应通过财税改革划清政府与市场的界限,建立金融机构主导的监督机制,促进融资平台从银行贷款依赖的主体切实转向融资成本敏感的市场化主体。     

Explaining CEO retention in misreporting firms

We propose a framework that advances our understanding of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) retention decisions in misreporting firms. Consistent with economic intuition, outside directors are more likely to fire (retain) CEOs when retention (replacement) costs are high relative to replacement (retention) costs. When the decision is ambiguous because neither cost dominates, outside directors are more likely to retain the CEO when they both benefit from selling stock in the misreporting period. We show that joint abnormal selling captures director–CEO alignment incrementally to biographical overlap. This new proxy operationalizes information sharing and trust, making it useful for studying economic decision-making embedded in social relationships.     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.