X射线荧光光谱法测定氧化锌富集物中锌氯砷镉铁

采用粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法,建立了氧化锌富集物中ZnO、Cl、As、Cd、Fe的同时测定方法,并建立了针对限量标准的快速筛查流程。结果表明,该方法适用于锌元素以氧化锌物相存在的氧化锌富集物中元素的检测,各元素检测线性范围如下:ZnO(23.66%73.04%)、Fe(0.073%10.25%)、Cl(3.24%25.24%)、As(0.02%0.095%)、Cd(0.038%1.36%);方法检出限依次为105.2 ppm、4.6 ppm、47.3 ppm、198.1 ppm、4.5 ppm,相对标准偏差小于0.27%。     

进口含镉氧化锌富集物的表征和鉴别探讨

采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射光谱仪(XRD)及标准方法等分析技术手段,对送检的某进口含镉氧化锌富集物样品进行表征。将样品的外观、组成和理化特征,与委托方提供货物来源、含锌矿物、含氧化锌产品及相关文献等进行比对和匹配。结果表明:样品外观呈阙绿色粉末状,部分结块,未见明显夹杂物;样品含Zn、Pb、S、Fe、Si、Cl、Cd等元素,主物相ZnO含量为49.7%,含少量Zn5(OH)8Cl2.H2O、Pb(OH)Cl、K(AlSi2O6)和ZnS等相;样品中杂质及有害元素Fe、As、Cd、F、Cl和Hg含量分别为3.55%、0.28%、0.78%、0.32%、4.25%和<0.002%。样品来源、外观质量符合YS/T 1343-2019《锌冶炼用氧化锌富集物》要求,但样品化学成分中的ZnO含量和杂质Cd含量不满足标准要求。依照《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》和GB 34330-2017《固体废物鉴别标准通则》判定该含镉氧化锌富集物为固体废物。     

不同产地枸杞中的微量元素含量分析

采用ICP-AES法测定了不同产地枸杞中Pb、As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等九种元素的含量,对枸杞中的重金属及微量元素状况进行了评价,找出了元素含量和产地之间的关系,能对枸杞的道地性评价提供参考。     

ICP—MS法测定中提取条件对食品接触容器重金属溶出量的影响

【目的】对不锈钢和陶瓷食品接触容器重金属溶出量变化特征进行研究。【方法】利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）法和X射线荧光光谱（XIU）法。【结果】研究比较了不同乙酸浓度、提取温度、提取时间下重金属铅、镉、铬、镍的溶出量变化特征。【结论】初步探讨了提取条件与测量结果的关系。本研究为国内外相关检测标准对比研究提供理论参考。     

培养料中重金属元素对金针菇产品质量安全的影响

为了进一步提高金针菇产品的质量安全,对工厂化栽培下,培养料中存在的As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量对金针菇子实体重金属浓度对金针菇产品食用安全的影响展开深入研究。结果表明,金针菇子实体中As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量与培养料中各元素浓度呈现正相关关系;而金针菇培养料中各重金属安全限定值在1.000、0.100、10.000、1.000 mg/kg以下时,食用较为安全。     

Consumer Law and Policy in Kenya

This contribution seeks to examine the consumer protection law and policy in Kenya with a view to understand how consumer issues, such as product safety and product liability, are addressed as well as the remedies for defective goods. It also seeks to understand the available provisions on the safety standards of consumer products, such as mobile phones, by highlighting the consumer issues that arise for mobile phone users with particular reference to the services provided by mobile network operators (MNOs) – i.e., the financial services and products – and how the consumer protection regime has addressed them. It will conclude by examining how the Kenyan consumer law has manifested itself, either by its influence on other states’ consumer laws and policies or the way(s) in which its own laws have been influenced by foreign and supranational consumer laws. References will be made with regard to the influence by the European Commission (EC) Product Safety Directive, the EC Product Liability Directive, the EC Consumer Sales Directive and the EC Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. Furthermore, this contribution will highlight the challenges encountered with respect to the achievement of a consumer protection regime in Kenya, as a result of the fragmentation of the law and policies.     

进口红土镍矿中有毒有害元素对环境安全的影响

通过对进口的红土镍矿中有毒有害元素含量的分析,发现进口红土镍矿中Hg、Pb、Zn的含量水平均在可接受范围内,但部分红土镍矿中Cr、Cd、As的含量较高,存在不同程度的环境污染风险,尤其是Cd与As存在更大的环境污染风险,应引起高度关注,并采取适当的控制措施。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定出口食品级磷酸中铜、镍、铅、锰、镉、钛

【目的】建立快速、准确并可同时测定食品级磷酸中铜、镍、铅、锰、镉、钛含量的方法。【方法】食品级磷酸样品直接稀释20倍后,用ICP—AES仪测定溶液中待测元素特征谱线的强度,采用标准品加入法定量。【结果】本方法测定食品级磷酸中铜、镍、铅、镉、钛的测定低限为1mg／kg,锰的测定低限为0．1mg／kg。室间相对标准偏差RSD〈13％,各项回收率85%-112％。【结论】能够满足出入境检验检疫实验室以及企业产品质量把关对食品磷酸中多种金属含量的一次性测定的需要。     

Comparative study of properties and acceptability of Haitian and US honey‐roasted peanuts

A honey‐roasted peanut product, flavoured with ginger and anise, was recently developed in Haiti in an effort to increase the consumption of locally grown peanuts. The objective of this study was to compare quality and consumer acceptability of the Haiti product with a traditional US‐manufactured brand. Haitian panellists (199) evaluated colour, appearance (dry/oily), crunchiness, peanut flavour and sweetness of the products using five‐point just‐about‐right scales. Colour (Minolta chromameter), hardness (TA.XT2i texture analyser fitted with a TA42 knife blade) and moisture (Denver IR‐30 moisture analyser), lipid (ethyl ether extraction) and sugar (Dionex DX‐500 high pressure liquid chromatography system) contents of the products were also determined. The Haiti product was significantly (P < 0.05) darker brown, harder and contained more (P < 0.05) sucrose and glucose but less (P < 0.05) lipid and fructose than the US product. Panellists indicated that crunchiness, peanut flavour and sweetness of both products were just right. The US product had acceptable appearance but was rated too light (hue angle = 69.6 ± 0.70, L‐value = 58.2 ± 0.47) in colour, whereas the Haiti product appeared too dry and dark (hue angle = 62.6 ± 2.79, L‐value = 44.6 ± 2.22). The Haiti peanuts were not deskinned, and their testae may have decreased the acceptability of the product's appearance and colour. The Haiti product was significantly (P < 0.05) just right to the female panellists and to the 21‐year plus panellists from all income groups. Deskinning of the peanuts and increased oil addition during roasting may improve the acceptability of the Haiti product, especially to 14–20 year olds. Decrease in sugar content may also make the Haiti product more appealing to this age group and to male Haitians.     

A Heuristic Model for Establishing Trade-Offs in Corporate Sustainability Performance Measurement Systems

Consumer trust is a key prerequisite for establishing a market for credence goods, such as “green” products, especially when they are premium priced. This article reports research on exactly how, and how much, trust influences consumer decisions to buy new green products. It identifies consumer trust as a distinct volition factor influencing the likelihood that consumers will act on green intentions and strongly emphasizes the needs to manage consumer trust as a prerequisite for the development of a market for green products. Specifically, based on a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods, it is found that lack of consumer trust is a barrier for the development of a market for organic food in Thailand. Two focus groups and ten in-depth interviews revealed low knowledge about and low trust in organic food, certification, control, and labeling. Further, a mall-intercept survey (N = 177) revealed that lack of (especially) system trust reduces consumer expectations about benefits of buying organic food, and it makes them less likely to buy organic food. Mistrust in the control system and in the authenticity of food sold as organic has a significant negative impact on self-reported buying behavior. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.     

海州湾近海海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量和分布特征

根据2008年海州湾海域环境调查资料,着重分析了海州湾近海海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量及分布。结果表明,海州湾海水中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量均低于第二类海水标准;Pb、Cd、Zn在临洪河口、堤北附近海域含量高于其他海区。各海区沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg和As的含量都低于《海洋沉积物质量》第一类标准,质量良好。文中依据《无公害水产品安全要求》和《海洋生物质量》进行评价,海州湾沿海36份贝样中,Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的残留量均有不同程度超标,以Cd、As含量超标较为严重,海州湾近海贝类质量状况并不乐观。临洪河口到港区段海水、沉积物和贝类体内重金属受外在因素影响,叠加作用较为明显。     

Combining verbal analysis protocol and wireless audiovisual observation to examine consumers' supermarket shopping behaviour

The study investigates the benefits of using a verbal analysis protocol combined with wireless audiovisual observation technology to collect information about consumer behaviour in real‐life environments. A sample of consumers (n = 36) were given a task to select food products in 11 different categories in a supermarket. Combining methods enabled simultaneous collection of multiple forms of qualitative and quantitative data by recording data simultaneously from different perspectives: the consumer's visual range; the wider shopping environment, to provide context; the consumer's verbalizations. Qualitative data on extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect decision making and quantitative data on product selection time were taken as an example of rich and real‐time data obtained using the combined methods. Audiovisual material was analysed by Usability Test Software 2.0, verbal analysis data were sorted by a database programme and quantitative data were processed using SPSS 17.0. The study design provided sensitive verification of the nature of consumer interaction with the shopping environment: e.g. during the product selection time (average 23 ± 10 s/product), the interaction with the environment varied between individuals and among products selected. The approach represents a useful technique to enable the value of consumer input to direct innovation in consumer‐oriented product development. It also offers new perspectives to consumers and authorities and related organizations to understand shopping behaviour and the role of critical factors behind the food choices at the supermarket.     

Elements of a horizontal product safety policy for the European Community

The article discusses elements of a horizontal general product safety policy for the European Community and its relationship with the new approach to technical harmonization and standardization. The following particular elements are treated: (a) the adoption of a general obligation for manufacturers to produce and market products which are safe; (b) the European Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System as an instrument for improving the construction of products and for instigating follow-up market controls; (c) follow-up market controls (improving the Community System for the Rapid Exchange of Informations on Dangers Arising from the Use of Consumer Products, harmonization of the means of control and intervention in the several Member States, interim measures at Community level in cases where products constitute grave and immediate dangers in more than one Member State); (d) setting up a Standing Committee for all questions on product safety policy; (e) consumer participation in the standard-setting process; (f) the complementary function of the Product Liability Directive. The case-law of the European Court of Justice relating to the free movement of goods and the remaining competences of Member States are taken into account. Finally, the example of the proposed Directive on machinery makes clear that the new approach to technical harmonization and standardization interferes strongly with the established structures of worker and consumer safety regulations in the several Member States as well as with traditional procedures of standardization and certification.     

Marketing Strategy, Product Safety, and Ethical Factors in Consumer Choice

Firms that wish to be morally responsible in providing products that meet a high standard of safety may face problems competing against firms that make unsafe products and sell these products at cheap prices; these problems may be compounded when consumers do not accurately process information about safety and risk. This paper presents a conceptual argument that the tort system may serve to promulgate information which makes it feasible for firms to market safe products even in the face of these competitive obstacles.To corroborate the conceptual argument, the paper presents the results of an experimental study about the impact of negligence liability information on consumer product safety evaluation. The results show that provision of negligence information heightens consumer concern for safety and firms' ethical behavior, and increases the proportion of consumer choices in favors of the brands sold by manufacturers with a favorable track record for quality. More importantly, they indicate that provision of negligence information reduces the likelihood that brands which conform to inferior safety standards will be chosen by consumers who care about safety standards.     

Consumer goals/skills that mothers want their children to learn

The study purpose was to assess consumer practices and attitudes of mothers (n = 117), and consumer goals/skills that their children were to learn. Mothers with at least one child aged 5–9 years were recruited from an ongoing study and through posters, flyers and referrals. Mail‐out surveys included a validated consumer questionnaire and requests for information related to socioeconomic status (SES), age, paid‐employment and gender/age of children. Responses were analysed using SAS, Cronbach’s alpha and qualitative analyses. Results indicated that mothers were of middle/upper SES and had 2.3 children/family, and 64% were in paid‐employment. Mother–child co‐shopping and mothers’ role modelling were major means of teaching consumer goals/skills. Children were to learn about getting the best buy and quality for the money, cost/unit comparison, being knowledgeable about products and avoidance of impulse buying. Mothers were consciously consumer training their children.     

Consumer Law and Policy in Ghana

This paper presents a picture of the landscape of consumer law and policy in Ghana and reviews the scope of protection of consumer interests with specific regard to product safety and liability, consumer sales, and telecommunication services. It assesses the legislative and policy framework on consumer contracts, product safety, and unfair commercial practices; discusses the role of national agencies in enforcing safety standards; and highlights some critical consumer issues in telecommunications service delivery. The paper examines the regulatory framework on other consumer issues such as advertising, labelling, and marketing of consumer products; terms and conditions of consumer contracts; and after sales services including the enforcement of guarantees, warranties, refund, and return policies. The paper also discusses the extent of external influence on the development of consumer law and policy in Ghana and reviews the level of interaction with other legal systems and supranational bodies in the three focal areas. The contribution also explores areas of Ghana’s consumer protection framework which could benefit from guidance from the EU transnational model on consumer protection and makes recommendations for the enhancement of the emerging legislative and policy regime on consumer protection in Ghana.     

Editorial to the special issue on drowning prevention

The average citizen is now demanding more and more quality of and information on the various products that every day life requires. This concerns an extremely broad range of consumer products. Within the European Union, the European Commission (Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection (SANCO) plays a leading role in assuring and controlling the high quality of consumer products. It is known that there are a number of potential risks associated with the use of those products, as shown by the high number of unintentional injuries occurring every year. Therefore, national and international authorities and other instances need access to information for the promotion of safety and for the prevention of accidents. Tools have been made available to the Member States by the European Commission for the completion of a safe internal market of consumer products. Among those, databases have the advantage of being able to store a huge amount of information that can be classified according to real needs, hence serving the citizens. Such availability is immediate if they are deployed on the Internet. Moreover, this has the major advantage of allowing feedback from the users, thus contributing to its improvement. Consequently, a relational database on the safety of consumer products has been set up within the framework of an agreement between Directorate General SANCO and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission: the Consumer Product Safety Database (CPS). The objective of this database is to complement the setting up of a common system of exchanging information on consumer products within the framework of the application of Directive 92/59/EEC. The CPS database gives people concerned with consumer safety information that has never been gathered together before. Hence, this tool can contribute to the creation of a safer market for consumers in accordance with the Union’s legislation, as well as facilitating the decisions of Directorate General SANCO regarding consumer products.     

基于ICP-MS对红心猕猴桃矿质元素的测定及主成分分析

红心猕猴桃是我国特有品种,为保障猕猴桃进出口安全和增强国际市场竞争力,为口岸监管执法提供理论依据,本研究通过ICP-MS对不同产地红心猕猴桃中22种矿物质元素进行测定,并运用主成分分析法对矿质元素含量进行分析和综合评价。结果表明,所测定22种矿质元素共检出19种,其平均含量由高到低依次为K>Ca>Mg>Na>Mn>Fe>Cu>Zn>Sr>Pb>Ba>Ti>Cr>Sn>As>Co>V>Cd>Tl,不同产地间Cd和Co差异较大,K和Mg差异较小,此外,所检出的Pb、Cd、As、Sn和Cr重金属元素含量均符合国家规定。经过分析得出4个主成分,累积方差贡献率为80.7%,可代表红心猕猴桃矿质元素的80.7%信息量,其特征元素为Ca、Mg、V、Mn和Cu。11个产地红心猕猴桃中南丹矿质元素综合得分最高,其红心猕猴桃矿质元素含量较为丰富,其次是雅安、周至和苍溪,修文综合得分最低。     

An Overview of Consumer Law in Nigeria and Relationship with Laws of Other Countries and Organisations

There is no single statute dealing with the rights and obligations of parties in relation to products and services in Nigeria. The sector-specific approach is adopted with laws and agencies put in place to regulate specific areas of consumer protection such as food and drugs; energy, telecommunications, product standards, aviation, banking, and financial services. As a former colony of the United Kingdom (UK) , many Nigerian statutes are modelled on English statutes. This historical link is also reflected in the decisions of Nigerian courts which adopt, on persuasive basis, the decisions of the English courts particularly those of the House of Lords. Nigeria belongs to some international, regional, and supranational organisations which influence the consumer law of the country. This paper gives an overview of the Nigerian consumer law with particular reference to product safety, product liability, and telecommunications services and refers to the laws of other countries and organisations where applicable. The paper concludes that Nigeria has, subject to the identified gaps, attained an appreciable level of consumer protection.