农地流转问题综述

农地流转是农地制度市场化改革的内在要求。所有权的缺陷和农民对地权认识的模糊性阻碍了农地的流转。地权稳定性可以增加农民对农地的需求和投入,土地调整的功能和作用还没有一致的结论。选举产生的乡村干部可以满足农民对农地流转的意愿,而乡村干部的决策模式有待进一步的实证研究。     

The Politics of Land Reform: Tenure and Political Authority in Rural Kwazulu-Natal

When South Africa's land reform programme finally reached rural Umbumbulu, a potential for conflict over land emerged unexpectedly. Strategically located near a major urban centre, residents of this region have long relied on wages and social welfare grants. Land was valued primarily for residential security and as a symbolic representation of community membership, rather than for productive purposes. This emphasis on community membership, however, created the potential for conflict when a local chief challenged a civil society group over their authority to claim land. With the government's continued hesitancy to challenge the authority of chiefs, land reform provided an opportunity for local chiefs to reinforce their position and potentially to expand the amount of land under their jurisdiction. This agenda conflicted both with the government's interest in developing commercial agriculture and local residents' desire for rural land as security in the context of high levels of unemployment.     

集体林权改革制度下农户劳动力分配情况分析——基于辽宁省农户调查数据

利用辽宁省5个县农户2000、2006、2010年的面板数据,进行林改前后农户劳动力分配变化、产权安全对农户就业影响的回归分析,结果表明:林改后随着户均林地面积的增加,农户增加了对林业的投工,林业生产与非农就业存在一定程度的替代性,但随着农户年龄、教育水平的增长,非农就业,特别是工资性劳动的投工呈增长趋势;产权安全的增长对农户加强林业生产有正相关关系。     

More Than Socially Embedded: The Distinctive Character of 'Communal Tenure' Regimes in South Africa and its Implications for Land Policy

This article analyzes debates over tenure reform policy in post-apartheid South Africa, with a particular focus on the controversial Communal Land Rights Act of 2004. Land tenure systems in the 'communal areas' of South Africa are described as dynamic and evolving regimes within which a number of important commonalities and continuities over time are observable. Key underlying principles of pre-colonial land relations are identified, which informed the adaptation and modification of tenure regimes in the colonial era and under policies of segregation and apartheid, and continue to do so today. Exploring the policy implications of this analysis, the article suggests that alternative approaches to that embodied in the Communal Land Rights Act are required. The most appropriate approach is to make socially legitimate occupation and use rights, as they are currently held and practised, the point of departure for both their recognition in law and for the design of institutional frameworks for administering land.     

What tenure security? The case for a tripartite view

In the face of advancing urban informality in the developing world there appears to be increasing consensus that tenure security is an important engine driving settlement development. This has, however, not led to a consensus about what tenure security exactly entails. In both theory and policy, the idea of tenure security for low-income settlement dwellers is encountered in three distinct forms: tenure security as perceived by dwellers, tenure security as a legal construct and de facto tenure security. The main argument of this paper is that much controversy that surrounds the debate arises precisely as a consequence of the indiscriminate use of these different kinds of tenure security. To address this problem, a tripartite conceptualization of tenure security that incorporates its three constituent components (perception, de jure, de facto) and clarifies their interrelations is presented.     

地权稳定性与农户土地投资：基于确权政策预期与落地影响差异的讨论

研究目的：利用江苏省18县地块层面2期调查数据,分析承包地确权政策从预期实施到落地完成各阶段对农户土地投资的影响差异,检验地权稳定性对土地投资的重要性并评估政策效果。研究方法：多期DID模型和Probit模型。研究结果：（1）确权政策对承包地投资的影响存在阶段性差异,在确权预期和启动阶段表现出抑制作用,在确权落地阶段则表现出促进农户对经营的自家承包地进行投资的作用,但不会促进对转入的他人承包地的投资。（2）从地权稳定性角度来看,抑制效应源于确权推广过程中土地调整或权属界定争议引致的地权不稳定,激励效应则源于确权落地后承包权稳定性的提高。（3）如果不控制确权预期和启动起到的作用,采用通常方法进行估计会高估确权落地的投资激励效应。研究结论：保持承包地地权稳定对促进农户对经营的自家承包地的投资具有重要意义。从激励投资角度来看,在二轮承包地即将到期之际各地应抓紧研究“再延30年”的具体方案并提前公布,稳定农民的产权预期。     

国有林区林权制度改革有效性实证分析——以伊春林区为例

基于生产有效性和管理有效性,提出林权制度改革有效性的概念和评价方法,并以国有林权试点——伊春林区为例进行了实证分析,认为伊春双丰、铁力、桃山、乌马河和翠峦5个林权制度改革试点局整体上有效系数较高,铁力、桃山、乌马河3个林业局职工收入指标有效,铁力、翠峦、新青3个林业局多种经营收入有效,铁力、乌马河、汤旺河3个林业局植树造林成活率指标也是有效的。     

Rural 'Community', Chiefs and Social Capital: The Case of Southern Ghana

Social capital emphasizes community and social cohesion as the foundation of development. In Africa, this has prompted the promotion of traditional authorities as agents of development because chiefs and elders are assumed to embody communal norms. Critics have argued that this vision is ahistorical. In response, social capitalists have attempted to 'historicize' their analyses. But in many cases, 'history' simply refers to the micro-level production of trust, networks and norms. From a historian's perspective this is problematic because it ignores historical processes that often produce social hierarchies and inequality within 'traditional' communities. Using a case study from southern Ghana, I argue that, because of their particular view of history, many social capitalists remain blind to differentiation and conflict at the community level. As a result, social capital-driven projects run the risk of reproducing deeply rooted inequalities.     

Does awareness about land tenure security (LTS) increase investments in agriculture? Evidence from rural households in Vietnam

Although previous studies have shown the importance to agricultural investments of awareness about land tenure security (LTS), to date, little quantitative evidence has been published regarding the effects of awareness about LTS. This study contributes to the current research by showing the causal effect on agricultural investments of awareness about LTS. In detail, we examine whether awareness about the increase in the duration of agricultural land-use rights improves farmers’ investments in agriculture. Under the new land law passed in November 2013 in Vietnam, the usage duration of annual cropland and aquaculture land increased significantly from 20 years to 50 years, which makes Vietnam a compelling case study for testing this hypothesis. We use panel data from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) collected in 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. The balanced panel data include 1834 households. Difference-in-difference with fixed effects (DID-FE) is employed to estimate the causal impacts. We find that awareness about the increase in the duration of agricultural land-use rights increases investments in irrigation/soil conservation/water conservation and the adoption of organic fertilizer, which supports the positive impacts of awareness about LTS on sustainable investments.     

农地产权对劳动力迁移模式的影响机理及实证检验

研究目的:像大多数发展中国家一样,中国的城市化也经历了大量农村劳动力向城市迁移的过程。与其他发展中国家不同,中国的外出农民工往返于城乡之间,表现出非永久性迁移特征。本文旨在揭示这种非永久性迁移特征与中国特殊的农地制度安排的内在联系机制。研究方法:通过数值模拟和统计检验,分析农地资产安全性、农地资产变现能力对劳动力迁移模式的影响。研究结果:(1)中国农地归集体所有,承包土地周期性的可能被重新分配,外出务工能导致农民失地,于是农地产权的安全性影响劳动力迁移决策;(2)农地资产的变现能力差影响迁移农户在城镇的安家置业能力,也对劳动力迁移模式产生不可估量的影响。研究结论:当前,要大力推进农地确权工作,让不能移动的土地借力农地流转方式金融创新流动起来,实现劳动力永久性迁移和城乡统筹发展。     

‘Because of poverty,we had to come together’: collective action for improved food security in rural Kenya and Uganda

Agricultural productivity in East African smallholder systems is notoriously low and food production faces multiple challenges, including soil degradation, decreasing land availability, poor market integration, disease burdens and climate change impacts. However, recent evidence from an in-depth study from two sites in Kenya and Uganda shows signs of new social dynamics as a response to these multiple stressors. This paper focuses on the emergence of local social institutions for collective action, in which particularly women farmers organize themselves. Although previous research on collective action has largely focused on common-pool resource management, we argue that collective action is one potential pathway to livelihood and sustainability improvements also in a setting of private land ownership. Trust building, awareness raising and actions to improve livelihood security through risk sharing and pooling of labour and other limited assets have given people more time and resources available for diversification, preventative activities, experimentation and resource conservation. It thereby strengthens farmers’ capacity to cope with and adapt to change, as well as contributes to the agency at the local level.