农业节水中妇女因素影响研究进展

[目的]农村劳动力性别结构发生变化,使妇女承担起了包括农业灌溉在内更多的农业生产劳动。妇女农业节水对水资源的高效利用具有重要的现实意义。[方法]文章基于文献梳理的视角,采用文献分析法和比较归纳法,类列出现有研究中妇女对农业节水影响的定性,界定妇女赋权的概念,提出利用微观调研数据定量分析不同因子对妇女农业节水的影响及其单个因子的贡献率。[结果]（1）农业女性化是工业与农业竞争发展博弈的结果,尽管该趋势延续与否、对农业生产发展利弊的判定尚不明确,但是农村劳动力性别结构发生变化确定无疑,妇女更深程度地参与了农业生产多个环节,农业劳动也相应更多地落在了妇女肩上。（2）妇女成为农业灌溉的主要力量,却因受限于教育程度相对偏低、劳动压力大、社会地位边缘化等原因影响了在农业节水中表现。（3）赋予妇女权能,使其能在承担了灌溉劳动的同时有机会参与水资源的管理,激发妇女在农业节水中的积极作用。[结论]妇女对农业节水影响的研究较少,已有文献多以定性研究为主,且对妇女农业节水与否说法不一。采用微观调研数据分析妇女年龄、健康状况、文化程度、节水意愿、地区经济发展水平、家庭总收入、政策扶持、技能培训、干旱情况、土壤...     

中德财政合作造林项目中妇女参与问题研究

基于辽宁省朝阳中德财政合作造林项目的现实背景,从农户角度出发,通过实地调查,利用辽宁朝阳中德财政合作造林项目实施地区的农户调查数据,系统研究了项目地区农村妇女的基本特征与参与情况、剖析其参与行为及其影响因素,并提出相应的政策建议。     

规范劳动合同制是地勘单位用工制度改革的关键

文章认为,计划经济体制下形成的,地勘单位采用行政命令配合思想政治工作的方式,对固定职工进行各个用工环节的管理模式,已不适合市场经济条件和经济全球化的要求,地勘单位必须规范劳动合同制管理,进行用工制度改革。文章分析了地勘单位劳动管理现状,论述了实行劳动合同制管理的必然性和紧迫性,以及现今地勘单位在规范劳动合同管理方面存在的差距。最后提出了地勘单位规范全员劳动合同制管理的四项措施建议。     

高校生就业意愿与中小企业招聘现状调查研究

中小企业是我国经济发展的中坚力量,提供了大量就业岗位,但中小企业也面临难于吸引高素质人才的问题。高校生是高素质人才的潜力军。本文从中小企业和高校生角度,调查中小企业招聘现状及高校生就业意愿方面存在的问题,提出引导高校生就业及改善中小企业招聘难的对策建议。     

农村女性劳动要素配置与中国经济增长

虽然中国经济进入发展转型阶段,但由于大国小农的基本国情长期存在,如何挖掘和充分释放农村女性劳动力所具有的二次人口红利成为重要议题.本文采用2005-2017年全国统计数据,利用两部门经济理论框架,对农村女性劳动要素配置扭曲程度进行了分析.研究结果表明,当前配置在农业部门的农村女性劳动力存在较大扭曲.尽管考虑无偿劳动...     

Terrorism and women’s employment in Afghanistan

ABSTRACT

Afghanistan is one of the most dangerous countries for women and has the sixth lowest women’s employment rate globally. Evidence shows that security concerns prevent women from working, but there is little work estimating the magnitude of or mechanism behind these effects. We address this gap in the literature by estimating the relationship between increased terrorist attacks and women’s employment using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and the 2015 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). We find the number of attacks is negatively associated with men’s and women’s employment, yet the relative magnitude is larger for women due to their low employment rate. Conversely, we find that an increase in fatalities is associated with higher women’s employment, suggesting that women replace men that have died from attacks. This research illuminates a potential link between women’s employment and terrorism, thus adding to the ever-increasing knowledge of the costs of conflict.     

Women's Struggle to Escape Rural Poverty in South Africa

Results of a purposive sample of the poorest are contrasted with the methods and conclusions of other research into 'income poverty'. The deprivation suffered by an important class of rural women in South Africa is documented. Escape routes from poverty are described that have a more realistic prospect of success than those promoted in the international and South African policy literature, including the literature on land reform. The distinguishing demographic characteristics of women who have taken the first steps on these routes are analysed, together with the political context of their relative success. Escaping the worst forms of deprivation depends on women's wages in rural labour markets, rather than their incomes from self-employment, but conventional microeconomic theory cannot explain the distribution of wages in these markets. The South African government has been unduly influenced by such conventional theories and the rhetoric of the development aid bureaucracy. It is failing to consider policies that are relevant to the poorest people.     

Female Participation and Labor Market Attachment in Rural Canada

This article explores the reasons for differences in female rural–urban participation rates by estimating a dynamic model of participation allowing for unobserved heterogeneity and state dependence using Canadian panel data. The results suggest that overall observed differences in rural–urban participation rates are primarily due to differences in observed socioeconomic characteristics. However, for women resident in low-income households, there is evidence that the operation of rural labor markets effectively lowers their participation rates.     

Women's Access to Credit: Does It Matter for Household Efficiency?

Studies that assess the impact of credit constraints on farm households' efficiency have largely used the household as the unit of analysis. This can be problematic when there are gender-based market imperfections and asymmetries in how rights, resources, and responsibilities are distributed within the household. Constraints on women matter: in addition to the efficiency loss associated with the husbands' credit constraints, when women are unable to meet their needs for capital, their households experienced an additional 11% drop in efficiency. This suggests that there are efficiency-based arguments for enhancing women's access to capital and that studies based only on the household's head may significantly underestimate the true economic impact of credit constraints.     

人力资源能力对女性农民工职业流动的影响分析基于1 242份农民工调查数据

[目的]文章基于辽宁省1 242份实地调研数据,验证人力资源能力对女性农民工职业流动的影响。[方法]首先采用因子分析法从自我发展能力、尊严生活能力、融入城市能力和谋生就业能力4个维度测度女性农民工人力资源能力,其次采用计数模型和排序模型分别验证了人力资源能力与女性农民工职业流动频率、职业流动等级、职业流动方向的关系。[结果]女性农民工人力资源能力总体较低,其中自我发展能力、尊严生活能力、谋生就业能力均较低,而融入城市能力较高;女性农民工职业流动频率偏低,职业类型等级不高,且流动方向主要呈水平流动或不流动;女性农民工人力资源能力和谋生就业能力是影响职业流动频率和流动方向的重要因素,人力资源能力和谋生就业能力越强,职业类型等级越高,越有利于向上流动。[结论]充分发挥女性农民工融入城市能力优势、提升人力资源综合能力,是推进人口城镇化、促进地区产业结构调整、转型和升级的关键。     

农地流转中的妇女决策行为影响因素分析--以江苏省泰州市农村调查为例

研究目的:揭示农地流转中妇女决策的行为特征.研究方法:问卷调查与Logistic模型分析.研究结果:妇女耕地占家庭耕地的比例、家庭非农就业率、单位土地面积收入、家庭女性是否拥有土地等因素对妇女家庭的土地流转决策权方面具有决定性作用.同时,农村妇女教育水平的提高更会使得其维持现状.研究结论:针对影响农村妇女土地权益的因素,采取相关措施,以在农地流转中切实保护妇女的土地权益.     

妇女对农业节水影响研究——基于辽宁省凌源市调研数据

目的 水资源短缺是影响我国国民经济高质量发展的重大资源环境问题,我国农业用水占总用水量60%以上。妇女是参与农业灌溉的重要力量,定量分析和科学评估妇女在农业节水中作用具有重要意义。方法 文章基于对辽宁省凌源市的401份农户调查数据,利用计量方法分析妇女对农业节水的影响。结果 （1）农业灌溉中,妇女较男性更为节水,浇灌同一地块,妇女较男性用时少22%。（2）灌溉方式对男女节水存在显著差异,漫灌方式下男女用水差异显著,妇女较男性节水;滴灌、喷灌、微灌差异不显著,说明农业科技的应用模糊了农业灌溉中的性别差异。（3）种植结构对男女节水存在显著影响。种植经济作物女性灌溉时间比男性灌溉时间短,原因在于男性追求种植收益最大化,妇女注重成本收益比的降低。（4）农业收入占比对男女节水有显著影响,农业收入占比家庭总收入较高的农户,妇女较男性节水意愿更加强烈。结论 妇女的节水行为受到家庭收入结构影响。同时,随着未来农业技术进步和农业节水灌溉基础设施的完善,农业灌溉用水的性别差异将逐步减小。     

清初四川招民垦荒与“啯噜”的形成

清初四川在实行招民垦荒时,产生了一批被称作啯噜的人群。这类人群的形成,主要由于当地官员对政绩和税收的追求,使得原本为招徕移民所制定的优惠政策失去效用,相当一部分入川开垦的外来移民因赋役负担沉重以及地权不稳等原因或无法入籍定居,或对入籍持观望态度,逐渐演变为当地乱象,并被赋予了啯噜这一身份标签。以往的学者多从游民组织与秘密会社的角度或从地方社会治理的角度探讨啯噜问题,文章在以往研究的基础上,重新评估了清初四川招民垦荒政策及其存在的问题,进一步探讨清初啯噜形成的实质原因及其社会影响。     

Factories, Forests, Fields and Family: Gender and Neoliberalism in Extractive Reserves

This paper explores the theoretical debates on extraction and development in Amazonia, and the emergence of extractive reserves (ERs) as a tropical development alternative. It reviews the role of women in Amazonian rural economies and then analyzes the (often invisible) tasks of women within the reserves through an analysis of the gender division of labour in the collecting and processing of non-timber forest products and agriculture. It then considers how lack of attention to rural women's labour obligations played out in a development project, Projeto Castanha, that began as an urban factory, but was later recast as a neoliberal decentralized processing and outsourcing programme. The project failed to appreciate the demands on, and the opportunity costs, of women's time and thus had very limited success as women withdrew their labour. The paper argues that there may be many more options for supporting extractive economies (and the women who work in them) in more peri-urban and village projects even though extractive reserves are valuable ecologically and socially in the regional economy.     

Panel Estimates of the Canadian Rural/Urban Women's Wage Gap

This article analyzes the female rural-urban wage gap in Canada using longitudinal data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics 1993–96. We estimate a two-step wage equation accounting for unobserved heterogeneity and sample selection. The results indicate that a statistically and economically significant rural-urban wage gap remains after controlling for observed and unobserved characteristics. Further, the results suggest this rural-urban wage difference is not simply induced by immobility between rural and urban markets. Rather, consistent with the effect of thinner rural labor markets, the evidence indicates that rural-urban differences in the impact of a number of explanatory variables are significant.     

粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿研究

粮食主产区担负着保障国家粮食安全的重任,农田水利是农业生产的基础。在新型城镇化背景下,妇女是农业生产的主要劳动力。粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿对确保粮食安全至关重要。结果表明,集体化、家庭化解决了分散、细碎农地的灌溉问题,乡村精英能降低农田水利市场化程度,男性青壮年劳动力可缓解农田水利的灌溉压力。"单打独斗"的灌溉管理模式不足以保障水田作物的季节性需求。农村教育、耕地面积、乡村精英管理有助于增进妇女参与农田灌溉管理的意愿。