浅析如何加强水利国有资产管理

水利国有资产既是国有资产的重要组成部分,又是水利行政主管部门履行职责,保证水资源可持续利用,支撑国民经济和社会可持续发展的重要物质基础。要充分处理好水利资产的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益三者之间的关系,使国有水利资产能够在解决我国的水资源问题、保障经济社会的可持续发展中发挥应有的作用。水利资产在抗御灾害、保障经济社会发展和改善生态环境等方面,发挥了重要作用。所以,水利国有资产的管理,越来越被重视。     

发挥水利基础产业作用发展水利渔业生产

建国四十年以来,我国兴建了大量的水利工程设施,改变了水资源的时空分布,扩大了水域面积,为水利渔业的诞生创造了必要的前提。水利渔业就是利用水利工程设施形成的水域和工程管护范围内的其它水土资源,以水库渔业为主体,兼含沟渠、塘堰、滩涂等水体,在统一规划、设计、施工和管理的基础上,发展渔业生产。它不仅是综合利用水资源,发挥水利工程效益,属于水利基础产业的内容,而且是发展我国淡水渔业的重要组成部分。     

稳定发展桃江县水利经济的对策

介绍湖南省桃江县水利经济现状，发展经验，存在的困难和问题以及发展对策，建议在加强水资源统一管理的同时，在水利战线开展水利扶贫工作，解决好乡镇水管站的生活保障和依法治水问题，以实现县域水利管理现代化。     

太湖流域水利管理与长三角区域发展的协调性分析

分析太湖流域水利管理与长江三角洲区域的特殊关系剖析当前太湖流域水利管理面临的基本问题:防洪减灾能力低,水资源调控能力低,水资源和水环境承载能力低,流域水利管理综合水平亟待提高,经济社会发展对流域水利管理提出新的、更高的要求。提出太湖流域水利管理在长江三角洲区域发展中的战略定位:建立以区域发展需求为导向的流域水利管理,水利管理要为社会提供公共服务,促进区域一体化进程、适应区域城市化发展、顺应区域市场化改革,继续推进流域“引江济太”水资源调度,促进流域新一轮治理工程建设。     

发挥水务一体化优势 促进水利跨越式发展

通过进一步明确水务管理职能，理顺水资源管理关系，发挥体制改革优势，实现城乡水务一体化管理。提出围绕发展城市水利，建立城镇防洪体系；围绕发展环境水利，建立城乡河道水环境防治体系；围绕发展农业现代化，建立高效节水、高效农业保障体系，创新水利行业管理，努力推进水务机制的高效运行。     

基于资源特征分析的水利旅游开发策略

近年来水利旅游以其突出的工程、资源、环境优势取得了长足发展。通过剖析水利旅游资源特征,提出水利旅游开发策略:努力挖掘水文化,打造自然景观与文化内涵和谐统一的水文化产品;努力发展滨水度假养生旅游;处理好水资源保护、水环境保护及水利工程保护的关系;改革管理和经营机制,建立水利风景区管理协调机构,采取特许经营方式。     

《水利产业政策》介绍

国务院于1997年10月28日公布实施《水利产业政策》是国家水利产业法制化、正规化的重要举措。《水利产业政策》分为总则,项目分类和资金筹集,价格、收费和管理,节水、水资源保护和水利技术,实施五章计三十五条。 《水利产业政     

陕南现代水利评价指标体系及方法研究

[目的]针对水利现代化的"泛在性、法治性、文化性、公众性、可持续性、智慧性、和谐性",文章以研究陕南现代水利评价指标体系及方法为目标。[方法]利用文献研究法及功能分析法,从水利现代化的特征内涵出发,结合陕南水利现代化需求,构建了陕南现代水利评价指标体系,指标在选取上涵盖防洪减灾、水资源保障、水生态环境保护、水利管理、水利发展能力5个准则的陕南现代水利评价指标体系,代表了水利工作的所有内容包括5个大体系、17项指标。并对陕南地区的现代水利发展水平进行评价和分析。[结果]陕南地区水资源保障实现最好,实现程度为84.67%;生态环境保护次之,实现程度为79.65%;防洪减灾体系位列第三,实现程度为72.60%;水利管理及水利发展能力实现程度较差,实现程度分别为66.74%和54.25%。[结论]陕南水利管理、水利发展能力问题已经成为陕南现代水利发展的明显短板,亟需提升。采用上述现代水利评价指标体系及评价方法,对现代水利发展水平所做的评价具有较强的实用性,与其他评价方法比较,具有全面性、先进性、可比较性、计算简单、定性定量有机结合、便于操作等特点。研究成果对我国其他同类地区的水利现代化评价具有参考价值。     

基于经济结构调整中的水利保障体系

结合山西省近年来经济结构调整的形势和水资源现状,对经济结构调整与水利保障能力的关系进行分析,提出应加快水利保障体系建设,正确处理好经济结构调整与水利发展的关系,构建了经济结构调整中的水利发展新思路.     

承包拍卖租赁股份合作制：汝阳县水利改制四轮驱动奔市场

水利是农业的命脉。近几年来，全国不少地方在深化农业水利管理体制改革，进一步发挥现有水利设施的作用等方面进行了大胆探索，并取得了实实在在的成效。河南省汝阳县从盘活现有水利设施的目的出发，通过承包、拍卖、租赁、股份合作制“四轮驱动”，最大限度地发挥现有水利设施作用的经验和作法，很有效果和可操作性，值得各地学习借鉴。     

千岛湖水环境保护与资源开发若干问题的思考

几十年来不遗余力地精心呵护千岛湖水环境,千岛湖成为集旅游、水资源供应、水力发电、防洪和水产养殖为一体的多功能大型人工湖泊,在生态文明被提升至前所未有高度的新时期,不可忽视千岛湖水环境保护与资源开发中产生的新情况和新问题。必须着眼自然循环生态系统,立足科学发展,才能解决千岛湖环境保护与资源开发中遇到的困难和矛盾,力求从水资源有效保护利用、水污染综合防治、生态系统经营、社区环境管理以及加强监测等全视野、大纵深、多层面可持续推进千岛湖生态优先前提下的合理开发利用。     

Risk analysis of water scarcity in artificial woodlands of semi-arid and arid China

All activities are inherently risky, including seemingly beneficial activities such as ecological restoration. However, small risks are easy to ignore, even if they may accumulate to create a large cumulative risk. Therefore, the long-term ecological benefits and risks of any ecological restoration project must both be considered. However, quantitative evaluation of the risk of afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions has been insufficiently studied. Here, we present a method for evaluating the risk associated with ecological restoration, using water shortages in artificial woodlands in China’s arid and semi-arid regions as an example of cumulative risk. We found an annual risk that amounted to 5174 RMB ha⁻¹ in 2014, which was 17% of the ecological service value of the forests. However, this cost depends on changes in the price, availability, and use of water in these regions. If ecological degradation occurs, it will trigger a series of serious consequences, and its cost may far exceed the expected benefits. Our inability to predict natural disasters such as drought and the problem of imperfect communication among stakeholders must be considered to achieve ecological restoration. The method described in this paper will provide theoretical support for future risk evaluations and guidance for the allocation of natural resources such as water, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful environmental management.     

Management of drinking water catchment areas in cooperation with agriculture and the specific role of organic farming. Experiences from Germany and France

Many problems with nitrate and pesticide contamination from agriculture exist in European drinking water catchments, and quite different management options are presently searched for. Among them, organic farming is considered as an important option to conciliate agricultural activities and water preservation. Based on different type of interviews, literature and documentation analysis, and participation in a steering committee, we compare the construction of agreements between city water utilities and farmers for the preservation of drinking water quality in three drinking water catchment areas (Munich and Augsburg in Germany, Lons-le-Saunier in France). The main differences found are the delimitation of the city's field of action, compensation payments for farmers for certain practices, involvement of the city council in the acquisition of land, and importance granted to organic farming. Successful city-farmer coordination is based on the presence of a facilitator as an intermediary, technical support, dialogue, contracts that span sufficiently long periods, and participation of farmers in elaboration of contracts. In this frame, organic farming did not appear as the major solution and was not systematically developed.     

宁东能源化工基地水务管理体制改革成效与发展对策

探讨了宁夏宁东能源化工基地供水工程水务一体化管理体制改革模式及取得的成效,分析了改革中存在的问题,提出了进一步加快并深化水务管理体制改革的对策措施,为宁夏回族自治区水务管理体制改革提供示范,为西北干旱缺水地区乃至全国工业基地水务管理体制改革提供借鉴。     

美国犹他州水权管理制度及其对我国的启示

犹他州位于美国西部干旱区,水资源紧缺,是美国优先水权制度的发源地,具有完备而具体的水权管理制度。通过文献研究和利用电子邮件询问犹他州水权处官员的方法,分析、介绍美国犹他州的水权管理制度,尤其是水权申请、登记、交易,水权管理机构设置、实施,信息查询等具体的制度,以期为我国水权制度建设提供借鉴。     

Fostering integrated land and water management approaches: Evaluating the water footprint of a Mediterranean basin under different agricultural land use scenarios

In the Genil River Basin (southern Spain), agriculture is the greatest pressure on freshwater demand. Furthermore, water degradation caused by soil erosion is becoming a key environmental concern. This study aims to assess the water-related impacts of agriculture combining the use of an ecohydrological model (SWAT) with a spatiotemporal water footprint assessment to evaluate the current status of streamflow (blue water), soil water (green water) and the assimilability of sediments by streamflow (grey water footprint). The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) requires farmers to adopt certain agricultural practices that are beneficial for the environment. Such practices could affect the conditions of available land and water resources. Because of the importance of applying the best land management practices for the maintenance of sustainable water resources, the study also infers probable water availability and water pollution level changes under different post-2013 CAP scenarios. The Genil streamflow is highly regulated, and, as a result, it is hard to discern significant changes (p < 0.05) under the proposed scenarios. However, there is a shift with afforestation measures from unproductive (i.e., direct soil evaporation) to productive water (i.e., evapotranspired water from agricultural and natural areas, excluding non-growing periods) consumption. The probability of annual evapotranspiration from natural areas being greater in afforestation scenarios than in the baseline scenario is 0.70 to 0.88, whereas the likelihood of soil water evaporation being lower is 0.60. Evapotranspiration in natural areas increases by about 521% from September to May under afforestation measures compared with the baseline scenario, whereas soil water evaporation decreases by 30% in winter. The grey water footprint and water pollution level decrease by 19% and 9%, respectively, with the highest streamflow conditions under afforestation as opposed to current conditions. However, water pollution levels of suspended solids greater than 1 indicate that the river flow is not capable of assimilating the existing sediment loads. Since land use changes and agricultural practices have a major impact on water resources, the post-2013 CAP reform can provide environmental benefits for water allocation and mitigation of water pollution. However, further efforts are required to better align the policy goals of the CAP and the Water Framework Directive.     

和田地区水资源现状及可利用量分析

和田地区是全国最干旱的地区之一,水资源贫乏,环境恶劣,生态系统脆弱,有限的水资源制约着当地社会经济发展和生态环境的修复;通过对和田地区水资源特性、开发利用现状及可利用量分析,提出了水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策.     

宁夏中部干旱带发展高产杂交谷子产业的建议

宁夏水资源严重匮乏,在全球气候变暖背景下,中部干旱带干旱有所加剧,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,粮食产量长期低而不稳,生态移民脱贫压力大,生存与发展问题突出。2010年以来,宁夏气象部门在中部干旱带成功引种了杂交谷子系列品种,并开展了大量试验,累计推广近666.7hm2。在2011年极旱年份下将高产杂交谷子与当地主栽作物种植的成本效益及前景进行了对比分析。分析表明,杂交谷子节水、抗旱性强,比当地传统谷子稳定增产1倍以上,加上小杂粮价格较高,农民收益普遍高于种植其它作物。在张杂谷引种试验及示范推广的基础上,结合农业气候资源分布状况,制作了宁夏张杂谷栽培的气候适宜性区划图,得出不同地区适宜发展的品种、种植方式及种植风险。建议在宁夏中部干旱带积极稳妥发展杂交谷子种植,加强杂交谷子高产栽培与节水种植技术培训,建立谷子种植-加工-销售一条龙服务体系,使之成为中部干旱带农民增收致富的新途径之一。     

中国西北干旱地区湿地生态系统的形成、演变和保护对策

在我国西北干旱地区，一些内陆湖泊湿地生态系统滋养了西北地区的历史文明和繁荣，从多方面支持了当地人民生活、全球生态系统的稳定和生物多样性，对保护干旱地区生态环境和促进干旱区域可持续发展具有重要意义；分析了西北干旱地区湿地生态系统的类型、形成过程及人类活动的影响，从区域可持续发展、流域水资源的合理利用、生态用水的保证、湿地生态系统服务功能的维持等方面，提出了西北干旱地区湿地生态系统的管理目标和保护对策。     

Environmental protection and management: A water pollution case study within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area,Australia

The Grose River is contained almost entirely within a World Heritage Area. While sewage pollution in the area has been addressed, pollution at damaging levels continues from a disused coal mine, closed in 1997. Despite some surface rehabilitation, no action has occurred to remediate zinc polluted waters emanating from the mine. We examine the historical regulation and management of the Australian Commonwealth and New South Wales governments and highlight gaps in both regulatory systems. We conclude that there is an urgent need to improve regulation of water pollution, mining and management of the environment in highly valued world heritage areas.