股份合作是发展草地生态畜牧业的有效组织形式

青海省天峻县梅陇生态畜牧业合作社和泽库县拉格日生态畜牧业合作社,社员以草地和牧畜入股组建合作社,牧畜分群饲养,草地划区轮牧,社员分工分业,牛羊统一销售,用工按劳取酬,收益按股分配,牧民收入大幅度提高,脱贫效果显著,牧畜品种和结构不断优化,草原生态环境明显改善,表明股份合作是畜牧业发展的有效形式,也说明发展集体经济要注重集体经营、成员分配,建立完善体制机制。     

盛夏草原风光美

这是美丽的西乌珠穆沁旗半拉山草原风光。随着划区轮牧、休牧等生态项目的进行和草原奖补机制的全面实施,加上近两年充沛的雨水,让位于内蒙古中部的锡林郭勒大草原在盛夏时节水草丰美,成为一片绿色的海洋。弯曲的河流像一条飘落在草原上的洁白哈达,天空中     

建立科学草原利用制度变革传统畜牧业生产方式实现生产生态经济效益共赢

草原禁牧、休牧、划区轮牧是合理利用草原的基本制度，是保护和恢复草原植被的有效措施。长期以来，为了适应社会经济发展的需要，新疆草原牧区人口不断增长，牲畜不断增多，人类不合理社会经济活动不断增强，加之自然的历史的原因以及特定地理位置和气候条件的制约，草原超载过牧，退化严重，生产力和牧草品质大幅度下降，效益低下．     

甘南高原现代牧业制度的优劣势与转型研究——以玛曲为例

以玛曲草地为代表的甘南高原生态经济面临着功能衰退、家畜生产性能低及牧区经济模式落后的突出问题,分析草原制度变迁和制度优劣,探索适应牧民家庭放牧管理条件阶段变动的放牧权流转制度,实现草地生产力的可持续维持与牧民家庭放牧资源的动态结合。高原生态经济发展既要注重草地生态环境的保护,同时又要考虑不以牺牲当地牧民的生活生计和当地经济发展问题。从四个方面对玛曲畜牧业经济转型进行了研究,对玛曲的传统畜牧业经济提出了改造方案。     

中国草原管理的发展过程与趋势

[目的]在回顾中国草原管理发展历程的基础上,分析其状态及存在的问题,基于最新研究进展,探索和预测未来中国草原管理的发展趋势,为加强中国草原管理理论、方法和实践提供依据。[方法]运用文献资料分析法。[结果]中国草原管理已经历了游牧时期、粗放型管理时期、草畜平衡刚性管理时期。游牧时期,人—草—畜三者关系基本上处于一种自然动态平衡的状态之下;粗放型管理时期,人对畜的需求持续增加致使草—畜关系长期处于一种失衡状态,进而导致草原的大面积退化;草畜平衡刚性管理时期,相应的政策和管理计划方案陆续出台使得草—畜关系失衡状态得到了一定缓解,但仍然没彻底解决人—草—畜三者的矛盾关系问题。[结论]草畜平衡弹性精准管理是当前中国草原管理的主要发展方向,其能够更好地应对草地生态系统时间与空间异质性,确保草地生态系统的良性循环,兼顾市场动态以及政府和牧民需求,实现高效的草地生产力输出。草地生态系统管理以全面实现草地生态系统服务功能为目的是中国草原管理发展的最优选择。     

新疆草地畜牧业可持续发展战略研究

新疆是全国重点草原牧区,草地占国土面积的28.83%,全区超70%的畜产品来源于天然草地。 该文基于2002～2004年新疆草地调查数据、2006～2008年中国科学院组织的“新疆生态建设和可持续发 展战略”考察和调研数据,研究新疆草地畜牧业背景、现状与问题,探索新发展战略与对策。研究表明, 近半个世纪以来新疆家畜数量增加了3倍。1980年以来天然草原普遍发生退化,草地面积缩小10.77%, 草地生产力下降5%～10%,优质牧草产量下降30%～70%。在此前提下,提出新疆的草地畜牧业发展新思 路,即从生态保护和可持续发展的全局出发,统筹协调山地—荒漠—绿洲复合生态系统关系,在绿洲及其 它水土条件较好的地区发展以优质、高产人工草地为基础的现代集约型草地畜牧业,逐步将畜牧业生产从 平原荒漠草地和山地草地向绿洲转移,最终使绿洲成为现代畜牧业经济发展的重心;使平原荒漠草地和山 地草地成为生物多样性保护和水源涵养的生态功能区,最大限度地保护天然草地植被,达到人与自然的和 谐,同时实现放牧畜牧业到现代化畜牧业的战略性转型,建立具有新疆区域特色的创新性畜牧业模式。     

放牧下牧草的生产生理——Ⅱ连续放牧草地的光合作用、牧草生长和家畜采食

我们对连续放牧利用牧草的生长和生产生理的了解,远远不如对刈割利用牧草的了解。连续放牧管理草地的生产潜力一直是一个有争论性的问题(Raymond,1981),提出这一管理方法的企图,还会遭到论战(McMeekan19556,1960)。但是,把植物生理学与家畜生产研究中应用的方法结合起来,可以为我们加深理解连续放牧下的生产生理学基础,以及为加速消除意见分岐提供有利条件。在作者(Parsons等,1983)的上一篇文章中,讨论了草地在连续放牧绵羊,保持二种对比叶(叶鞘)面积指数(LAI)时,叶和草冠光合作用的特点。在放牧保持LAI1.0的草地上,展开着的叶在光合作用上效率很高,它与幼嫩的、完全展开的叶共     

森林研学系统共生绩效评价研究——以大别山国家森林公园为例

森林研学是突显旅游教育价值和实现人的全面发展的重要途径,森林研学系统共生绩效评价对"林旅教"产业深度融合与协同发展具有重要指导作用。文章基于共生理论及学理视角,综合运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法,构建森林研学系统共生绩效评价体系,并对大别山国家森林公园森林研学系统共生绩效进行模糊评价。研究表明:森林研学系统共生绩效评价体系是由共生单元绩效、共生模式绩效和共生环境绩效形成的循环系统,包含3个二级指标和12个三级指标。项目层权重值由高到低依次为共生单元绩效(0.5584)、共生模式绩效(0.3073)、共生环境绩效(0.1342),指标层权重值位列前三位的是共生密度(0.3013)、共生维度(0.1658)、共赢性(0.1434),说明共生单元绩效是影响森林研学系统共生绩效的关键因素,共生密度、共生维度、共赢性是影响森林研学共生系统协同效应的主要指标。大别山国家森林公园森林研学系统共生绩效评价值为7.3262,等次位于"良",其中共生单元、共生模式、共生环境的绩效评价值依次为4.5562、1.8360、0.9340,说明大别山国家森林公园森林研学共生系统协同效应良好,具备较好的共生基础,但共生模式滞后,共生环境失调,共生能量未得到有效释放。基于研究结论,文章提出深化森林公园改革、培育正向共生环境、建立森林研学智库等促进森林研学共生发展的政策启示。     

基于生态系统承载能力核算的西藏高原草地资源区划研究

随着经济发展,全球生态系统和景观正经历着快速变化。作为基本生态系统单元之一,草地生态系统以其独特的生态系统服务功能与区域经济发展模式而面临着严峻挑战。西藏高原地区草地生态系统服务功能演变及退化已成为高原生态安全屏障保护与建设面临的主要问题。文章基于家畜饲草料资源多样性,首先将西藏草地资源划分为不适合和不能放牧区域以及适合放牧区,对于适合放牧区域,在分析草地载畜量、补饲载畜量、牲畜存栏量地域差异及其影响因素基础上核算生态系统承载力,提出草地承载力监测评估、畜牧业可持续发展、草地生态保护对策建议。研究发现:全区不适合和不能放牧草地36.95万km2,占全区草地总面积的44.37%;农区可供牲畜食用的精饲料总量与粗饲料总量分别为23.71万t与27.50万t,全区补充饲料载畜量为115.18万羊单位;从载畜量区划来看,那曲、当雄等县超载严重,八宿、察隅等县略为盈余。     

开发草地资源,建设草地农业

草地资源是指以草本植物为主的,能为家畜利用放牧或提供割草的陆生植被地段而言。草地植物在自然界不是孤立存在的,而是与动物、微生物结合在一起形成草地生物群落,在生物群落中生物有机体与非生物环境之间相互作用构成了综合作用的统一体,所以说草地是个自然综合体。草地是家畜赖以生存的条件,是其生活、生产的主要营养来源。草地植物利用太阳能制     

The effects of a subsidy for grassland protection on livestock numbers,grazing intensity,and herders’ income in inner Mongolia

Primary data from 262 pastoral households in Inner Mongolia are analyzed to determine the effects of a subsidy for grassland protection on livestock numbers, grazing intensity, and herders’ income. Econometric models are estimated to determine the effects of the subsidy on each component of the intensity ratio (sheep-equivalent livestock units and grassland). Results suggest the subsidy increased the quantity of grassland controlled by the household. However, the effects on livestock units are mixed, with two of the four studied prefectures (Ordos and Ulanqab) showing a positive response, and two (Hulunbuir and Xilingol) showing a negative response. Inserting the parameter estimates from the livestock, grassland, and income functions into a structural model of grazing intensity, results suggest each 1% increase in subsidy reduces grazing intensity by between 0.168% and 0.532% depending on the prefecture, and increases herders’ income by between 0.144% and 0.670%. By way of comparison, each additional year of education increases herders’ income by 8.7% and reduces grazing intensity by 3.6%. Thus, education is not to be overlooked as a policy tool for achieving conservation goals.     

Open access post-harvest grazing and farmers’ preferences for forage production incentives in Ethiopia

Open access post-harvest in situ grazing is widespread in areas where a mixed crop-livestock system is common. Where this is not discouraged, because livestock is important, conservation agriculture, which depends on keeping the soil surface covered with crop residues is unlikely to be implemented. One way to reduce open access grazing is through restricting communal grazing access to allow rights of exclusion, while simultaneously improving the production of livestock feeds. This paper analyzes farmers’ perceptions about post-harvest free grazing on agricultural lands and identifies incentives that motivate forage production, to help inform forage development and policy. We collected data from randomly selected farm households in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia and used a choice experiment method. We found that a majority of farmers would prefer post-harvest grazing restrictions to the existing reciprocal post-harvest grazing. Farmers also had strong preferences for forage production policy incentives, but the results reveal considerable preference heterogeneity. The study provides policy makers with needed information in formulating policy incentives for smallholder forage production systems.     

Balancing economic revenue and grazing pressure of livestock grazing on the Qinghai–Tibetan–Plateau

Treating grazing pressure as an undesirable output of livestock grazing in a directional distance function improves understanding of how economic behaviour affects the environment. Field survey data from 193 livestock grazing households combined with remotely sensed net primary productivity (NPP) data on the Qinghai–Tibetan–Plateau was used to develop a directional output‐orientation distance function. The average efficiency of livestock grazing households is 0.817 when incorporating grazing pressure as an undesirable output, which means that households can achieve 18.3% more output and decrease proportional grazing pressure holding all inputs fixed. The relative shadow price of undesirable grazing pressure to good output grazing revenue is estimated to be between 1.795 and 3.986. According to the Morishima elasticity of substitution between inputs, there is a significant complementary relationship between grassland, labour and capital.     

牧业制度变迁对草地退化的影响及其路径

草地是牧民基本的生计资产,也是中国北方的生态屏障。然而,严重的草地退化威胁着牧区可持续发展和生态安全。维持高度可变的、脆弱干旱环境中的自然资本是发展绿色经济的要求。本文梳理了20世纪80年代以来草原牧区的主要牧业制度变迁,分析其对草地退化的影响及其路径,以探讨在现行草地经营制度下如何在不减少草地自然资本的情况下发展畜牧业。研究揭示,牧业制度变迁通过"分畜到户-牲畜增加-公地悲剧"、"分草到户/草地确权-草地细碎化-围栏陷阱"以及"三权分置/草地租赁-不完善契约/产权不安全-草地过度利用"三条路径影响草地退化。"交互规模"理论解释了草地细碎化对草地退化的影响机制。本文利用面上调研资料、定点观测数据以及自然试验证据支持了以上假说。研究表明,采用适合地区特点的确权方式、规范草地租赁市场以及减轻草地细碎化从而提高"交互规模",可更好地平衡牧业生产中的"劳动力-草地-牲畜-生产性资产-水资源",促进牧业的可持续发展。     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同放牧强度下植被特征分析

该文利用草地的野外实测数据,计算了物种综合优势比、物种丰富度、物种多样性及其群落高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量等数量指标,对两种草甸草原样地三种放牧强度的群落结构和功能指标进行了研究。结果表明:从物种水平分析,羊草草甸草原样地(LM)和贝加尔针茅草甸草原样地(SM)的建群种的综合优势比随放牧强度加大而下降,而退化标志物种,如寸草苔、糙隐子草及冷蒿等呈上升趋势。从群落水平分析,LM样地比SM样地物种多样性维持能力弱,耐牧性弱。     

Effects of European Union agricultural policies on the sustainability of grazingland use in a typical Greek rural area

Recent changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) introduced different definitions regarding the eligibility of various types of land used by grazing animals. In particular, shrublands and other low-quality areas which have traditionally been used as grazinglands are now not eligible for European Union income support payments. Subject to these changes, a large part of livestock farms will be affected, being partially or fully deprived of EU income support. In addition to these policy-driven changes, pasture-fed livestock farms in Greece are faced with a unique system of grazingland allocation, as all grazing areas in the country are state-owned. These areas are allocated for a short period either directly to farmers who are permanent residents of the Municipalities or to other livestock farmers through an auction system, which does not take into account the grazing capacity thus bringing about environmental degradation. This paper investigates the effects of CAP changes and of this communal land allocation system based on the findings of a typological analysis. The study focuses on a typical Greek territory in terms of land uses, economic activities and sociodemographic developments. Data from a questionnaire survey are used to build a typology of local livestock farms in terms of their nutritional management and land use characteristics and then the profile of each type is investigated through the estimation of a Multinomial Logit Model where the dependent variable is the cluster participation. Three distinct types of farms (clusters) are determined. Cluster 1 includes traditional farms which rear sheep and goats and bovine for meat, which are highly dependent on grazingland uses and EU income support. Cluster 2 farms – mainly sheep and goat – have evolved a ‘double’ dependency on land in the form of grazingland but also of cropland for feedstuff production, which renders them more resilient to policy changes. Finally, Cluster 3 farms are intensive dairy cattle farms and use artificial (cultivated) privately-owned grazinglands and cropland for feedstuff production. Market-oriented measures are proposed for each type and suggestions for an integrated land use plan are made, including long-term leasing of land and the consideration of environmental criteria for land allocation, thus rendering farmers responsible for keeping their land in a good production state.     

边疆民族地区牧户贫困脆弱性及其影响因素研究

[目的]为清晰识别边疆民族地区牧户贫困程度,为后续精准扶贫政策及牧户的可持续发展提供科学的决策依据。[方法]文章以边疆民族地区牧户为研究对象,分别以1.25美元、2美元和2300元为贫困线标准,运用VEP估计方法对牧户贫困脆弱性进行测度,并以户主特征、家庭特征、畜牧业生产行为与草原生态政策选择行为4个层面综合构建牧户贫困脆弱性影响的Logit计量模型。[结果]牧户贫困发生率与贫困脆弱性发生率为4.07%和63.47%,其中贫困和非贫困牧户的贫困脆弱性分别为96.88%和62.06%。户主年龄、家庭规模以及绵羊、牛、奶牛、马和山羊的出栏数量与家庭贫困脆弱性呈现反向显著关系,而教育程度、家庭劳动力数量、出栏羊单位与家庭贫困脆弱性呈现显著正向关系,选择禁牧与草畜平衡牧户的贫困脆弱性更低。[结论]降低以中青年为主的牧户的畜牧业风险,构建中小牧户链接到现代农牧业发展的体制机制与政策体系,鼓励牲畜种类多样化以及持续实施禁牧和草畜平衡的生态政策,是降低牧户贫困脆弱性与提升可行能力的重要路径。