Rural women and state policy: The Latin American agrarian reform experience

This review of 13 Latin American agrarian reforms shows that most have directly benefited only men. It is argued that this is largely because of the common designation of ‘households’ as the beneficiaries of an agrarian reform and the subsequent incorporation of only male household heads into the new agrarian reform structures. It is shown that a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for rural women to benefit on par with men is that they too be designated as beneficiaries. Women as well as men must be given access to land or the opportunity to participate within the agrarian cooperatives or state farms promoted by an agrarian reform. This comparative analysis of the Latin American agrarian reform demonstrates that this has happened only in countries where the incorporation of rural women to the reform is an explicit objective of state policy.     

金融服务“三农”与商业化运作矛盾的政策支持研究

实践表明，农村金融发展不仅仅是农村金融体制改革以及纯微观层面的产品创新、经营机制转化的问题，农业本身的弱质性决定了农村金融发展还是国家的政策性问题，即农村金融发展需要有别于城市金融的政策环境。文章从多年来我国农村金融改革的政策框架出发，通过与我国城市金融政策环境的比较，探寻我国在支持农村金融发展的政策方面存在的差距，最后提出进一步加大我国农村金融发展的政策支持力度的建议。     

Assessing an enterprise’s investment potential

This paper considers the system for selecting a set of assessment indicators with consideration for limitations for the purpose of determining the investment potential of an agrarian enterprise and activating the investment in agriculture. The order of assessing the investment potential is illustrated for a specific agrarian enterprise in the Republic of Crimea.     

RECENT AGRARIAN PROBLEMS IN JAPAN

The present agrarian structure of Japan is characterized by the smallscale farming of individual owner cultivators and concentrated in rice cultivation. This structure has been in harmony with post-war economic development. However, the rapid economic growth since 1955 has brought about gaps between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in terms of productivity and real income. Therefore, the Agricultural Basic Law was enacted in 1961, and the government has undertaken the selective expansion of agricultural production and the improvement of the agrarian structure. But these measures do not seem to have succeeded in eliminating the gaps. In order to accomplish this, more daring measures are needed, in particular, for enlarging the scale of farming.     

The agrarian sector: Postcrisis development risks and opportunities

Problems of the Russian agrarian sector are examined in terms of its competitiveness, which can be achieved though an innovation breakthrough, modernization of the material and technical base of the countryside, and promotion of integrative and cooperative ties.     

The competitiveness of agricultural commodities systems: Their potential and growth factors

Strengths and weaknesses as well as potential and threats to the development of agricultural commodities systems in Russia and other CIS countries under the world economy globalization and regional integration are considered. The influence of certain factors on the efficiency and competitiveness of agrarian production is studied.     

The rise of agrarian capitalism and the decline of family farming in England

Historians have documented rising farm sizes throughout the period 1450–1850. Existing studies have revealed much about the mechanisms underlying the development of agrarian capitalism. However, we currently lack any consensus as to when the critical developments occurred. This is largely due to the absence of sufficiently large and geographically wide-ranging datasets but is also attributable to conceptual weaknesses in much of the literature. This article develops a new approach to the problem and argues that agrarian capitalism was dominant in southern and eastern England by 1700 but that in northern England the critical developments came later.     

GLOBALISATION, FACTOR PRICES, AND POVERTY IN COLONIAL INDIA

Analytical accounts of South Asian economic history often suggest that the principal effects of nineteenth century globalisation on the region were deindustrialisation and agrarian expansion, and that deindustrialisation contributed to an increase in poverty despite agricultural growth. Available wage datasets show that artisans did relatively well and rural workers relatively worse in the period in question, suggesting that poverty did increase but deindustrialisation was an unlikely cause. I discuss the wage statistics to show this, and propose that, in order to complete the globalisation story, we need to consider three local factors: limits to deindustrialisation, limits to labour mobility, and limits to agrarian expansion.     

Villeinage in England: a regional case study,c.1250–c.13491

Between 1200 and 1349, villeinage was not prominent in Suffolk, and, even in those places where it was locally significant, many of its exactions were lightly enforced. The gap between the theory and practice of villeinage was maintained by custom, although this article emphasizes both the importance of regional custom and its mutability. The relative insignificance of villeinage here has two main implications: first, villeinage cannot have caused any crisis of agrarian productivity before the Black Death; and second, its subsequent dissolution cannot have been the prime mover behind the transformation of the landholding structure and the emergence of agrarian capitalism.     

Forced commerce and agrarian growth

The paper explains why contractually interlocked agrarian markets differ from price—and quantity—adjustments under pressures of excess demand/supply in neoclassical general equilibrium analysis. Such contractual interlocking, arising (say) from the indebtedness of the peasants, gives rise to a contrived system of “forced commerce”. This commercial mode of exploitation not only exhibits unequal relations of economic power, but more important, it is also a mechanism for maintaining such unequal power structure, often at the cost of retarding agrarian growth. The paper thus emphasizes the need to understand the very notion of “market exchange” and “commerce” in backward agriculture from an unconventional viewpoint.     

On the development strategy for the grain sector

This article attempts to outline a development strategy for the grain sector in agrarian economics under complicated conditions in the world economic relations and the processes of globalization and regional integration.     

Agricultural sector of Russia in face of globalization challenge

The paper analyzes the current problems of the Russian agrarian sector in the face of the increasing openness of the Russian economy and the continuing low competitiveness of domestic agricultural production.     

Government action,cartels, and national corporations - the development strategy of a small peripheral nation during the period of crisis and economic disintegration in Europe. (Finland 1918–1938)

Abstract

This article examines a specific case, the national development strategy of a small peripheral economy, that of Finland, in the inter-war period of crisis and disintegration in Europe. Unlike the East-European agrarian latecomers, Finland, still a producer of raw-materials, was lifting herself closer to the relatively prosperous West-European level. It is shown that among the factors contributing to the rapid economic growth and forest-based industrial progress of Finland, the most important one was the successful set of means consisting of government action coloured by agrarian interests, the establishment of state-owned industrial corporations inspired by economic nationalism and entrepreneurial enthusiasm, and intensive cartellization, led by the private family firms of the export sector.     

Skandinaviska Banken i del svenska bankväsendets historia 1914 –1939

Abstract

In analyses of the prerequisites of the industrial revolution in Europe, interest during recent times has centred to a large extent upon proto-industrialisation, or the period of industrial growth in agrarian society prior to the modern industrialisation of the nineteenth century. It has been claimed that the development of industry in agrarian society was significant because it created industrial employment, capitalistic social relationships with wage-paid labour and capital accumulation, and inter-regional markets.¹ In this way proto-industrialisation prepared the ground for the west European industrial revolution, creating conditions crucially different, for example, from the ones prevailing in those underdeveloped countries which sought in vain to achieve industrialisation during the twentieth century.²     

Global food crisis and prospects for animal production in Russia

The paper considers certain tendencies and features in the development of world and national food markets during the global crisis of recent years. It shows the role and place of Russia in these processes. Using the case study of animal production, in particular, of beef, a number of key factors are examined that should enhance the competitiveness in Russian agrarian products, in substituting for imports, and the rise in food prices     

河北省贫困农村地区信贷担保体系的建立及模式选择

"三农"问题的解决离不开农村金融的支持。然而河北省贫困农村地区却是"农民贷款难、金融机构难贷款"并存。本文认为设立农村信用担保机构、选择适合贫困地区的担保模式将有助于这一矛盾的解决。     

Energy in the Asian-Pacific Region

The Asian-Pacific region is undergoing massive development. Most of the nations in the area have growing populations and growing economies. Many nations in the region are changing from a low-energy, village-based agrarian lifestyle to one of high-energy usage which is manufacturing and urban-based. This paper discusses the impact of demographic and social change on the energy supply and demand patterns in the region, on global energy resources and on the trade in those resources.     

Russia in the Customs Union: the agrarian aspect

Using the example of the grain market, this paper considers the problems and prospects of agrarian development and interaction between Russia and other Customs Union states, as well as their trade relations with other countries and regional groups, in particular, the European Union.     

Farm Strategy,Self-Selection and Productivity: Can Small Farming Groups Offer Production Benefits to Farmers in Post-Socialist Romania?

This paper addresses two questions: why are Romanian farmers continuing to place land in cooperative forms of farming when theory suggests that private farming is more productive and, are there efficiency gains to be had from cooperative farming endeavors? Results from an econometric selection model suggest that smaller, endogenously developed farming cooperatives, such as family societies, provide benefits over private farming strategies under certain conditions. This paper questions the wholesale rejection of cooperation around production and challenges policy to move away from the typically dichotomized presentation of agrarian structure as being a trade off between private small-scale farming and large-scale collective farming.     

Estimating arable output using Durham Priory tithe receipts, 1341–1450

Research on English late medieval economic history has neglected the evidence of tithes as indicators of agrarian output. In this article, methods used by historians of continental Europe have been developed and applied to the Durham Priory accounting material in order to create the first series of tithe-based production indicators for medieval England. The data are manipulated, and presented, to provide insight into long- and short-term trends in aggregate levels of arable production. The series of indicators are then used to examine the evidence for falling output in the late middle ages in the light of our understanding of demographic, economic, and climatic factors.