岷江上游森林生态系统服务条件价值评估

针对岷江上游森林生态系统服务现状,采用条件价值评估法(CVM),以支付卡形式设计了374份调查问卷,调查了岷江流域居民对上游森林生态系统服务的支付意愿(WTP)。结果表明:岷江流域60.80%的居民家庭对岷江上游森林生态系统服务存在支付意愿,平均支付意愿为每户每年44.00元。按照岷江流域现有家庭数量计算,岷江上游森林生态系统服务价值每年是5 507.48×104元。利用二元Logistic模型,对支付意愿与个人社会经济变量进行了较为详尽的分析,并对影响居民支付意愿的主要因素作了环境经济学解释。     

基于CVM的厦门公共休闲环境非使用价值评估

运用条件价值评估法,通过支付意愿调查,对厦门市公共休闲环境的非使用价值进行评估。评估运用SPSS16.0软件,采用卡方χ2和独立性检验技术对支付意愿及支付意愿值的影响因素进行相关分析,结果表明:被调查者的性别职业、文化和职业程度与支付意愿显著相关,而年龄、月收入和是否为厦门市居民等因素与支付意愿相关不显著;职业与支付意愿值显著相关,文化程度、月收入和是否为厦门市居民与支付意愿值极显著相关;2008年,厦门市公共休闲环境的非使用价值为0.65亿元,人均支付意愿中位值为41.5元/a,其中,存在价值为0.17亿元,生态价值为0.26亿元,社会价值为0.22亿元。     

丘陵地区农地非市场价值研究——以湖北省荆门市为例

农地非市场价值是农地价值的重要组成部分,也是土地价值研究中的薄弱点.选择典型丘陵地区荆门市,采用条件价值评估法(CVM)进行支付意愿的问卷调查,了解了民众对农地非市场价值的认识,并对该价值进行了定量的评估.研究结果表明:荆门地区农地非市场价值总量为86.77亿元,其中耕地为29.01亿元,园地为9.27亿元,林地为23.38亿元,水域为25.11亿元.支付意愿与受访者特征有显著相关关系:市民支付意愿与家庭人口和支付方式显著相关,农民支付意愿与年龄、土地面积、收入和开支显著相关.     

城市消费者对低碳农产品的支付意愿研究——以低碳猪肉为例

本文基于南京市城市消费者的调查数据,运用条件价值评估法(CVM)估算消费者对低碳猪肉的意愿支付水平,并且进一步分析影响消费者对低碳猪肉支付意愿的因素。研究结果表明,消费者对低碳猪肉的平均支付价格为18.95元(初始价格为15元),平均支付意愿为3.95元;低碳猪肉价格、消费者低碳农产品认知度、家庭收入、家庭人口、受教育程度等对消费者支付意愿均有显著影响。     

丘陵地区农地非市场价值磁——以湖北省荆门市为例

农地非市场价值是农地价值的重要组成部分，也是土地价值研究中的薄弱点。选择典型丘陵地区荆门市，采用条件价值评估法（CVM）进行支付意愿的问卷调查，了解了民众对农地非市场价值的认识，并对该价值进行了定量的评估。研究结果表明：荆门地区农地非市场价值总量为86．77亿元，其中耕地为29．01亿元，园地为9．27亿元，林地为23．38亿元，水域为25．11亿元。支付意愿与受访者特征有显著相关关系：市民支付意愿与家庭人口和支付方式显著相关，农民支付意愿与年龄、土地面积、收入和开支显著相关。     

基于CVM方法的福州国家森林公园游憩价值评价

基于CVM方法对福州国家森林公园的游憩价值进行评价,调查结果得出:2015年福州国家森林公园的游憩价值为2.164亿元。游客对公园的满意度和旅游次数与游客的支付意愿呈显著正相关(p0.05),游客的家庭人口数(p0.01)、月收入(p0.01)和职称(p0.05)与游客的WTP值呈显著正相关。基于研究,景区应在生态环境、服务设施和质量上进一步挖掘公园潜在的游憩价值,并在游客森林游憩过程中,普及生态环境知识和宣传教育,提高游客的生态保护意识。     

基于有效性改进的森林环境资源条件价值评估——以武夷山自然保护区为例

森林环境资源价值评估是实施生态效益补偿和绿色GDP核算的重要基础,对其进行科学合理的定价,将加快推动森林资源纳入环境经济一体化核算工作的进程。条件价值法(CVM)作为森林环境资源价值评估的一种直接方法,对于评估"非市场化产品或服务"的价值,特别是森林环境资源的社会价值具有重要意义。考虑到该类非使用价值的分量众多,实际核算时应先进行系统分类,然后逐一加以测算。本文正是在此基础上,通过森林环境资源的供求分析,采用开放式支付卡法作为CVM的引导技术,对武夷山自然保护区居民消费意愿进行实地调查,并结合Logistic模型、因子分析确定社会价值的具体构成。最后,根据非参数估计方法计算个人支付意愿,从而极大提高了研究结果的有效性。     

无锡市马山区城镇建设用地的经济价值评估

研究目的:评估城镇建设用地的经济价值,尤其是景观用地的价值。研究方法:对成本与效益做出界定,对体现存在价值的景观用地采用意愿调查价值评估法(CVM),其余用地用“成本-效益法”评估。研究结果:在现行用地结构中,第三产业占地比例最大,住宅用地次之,具有存在价值的人文景观用地最小;而用地的效益是商业服务业占第一位,交通与住宅用地分居二、三位。研究结论:城镇建设用地中直接经济价值占98%以上,间接价值及非使用价值所占比例很小,这与建设用地特征有密切关系。     

耕地生态服务价值认知与支付意愿调查分析——以武汉市为例

耕地资源具有多重生态服务价值,对其定量评估,可为耕地保护的生态补偿测算提供依据。以武汉市为样本区域,采用问卷调查法,分市民和农民两类样本,调查居民对耕地生态服务价值的认知程度、支付态度及意愿支付额,为价值评估奠定基础。结果表明:农民的认知程度显著低于市民;80%的市民和65%的农民有支付意愿;市民和农民的平均支付意愿分别为148.36元/年和100.20元/年。因此应加大相关宣传和教育,提高居民的认知程度;完善耕地保护与补偿的长效机制,使耕地外在生态价值内在化。     

秦巴山重庆片区宅基地非市场价值评估

研究目的:评估秦巴山重庆片区宅基地非市场价值,为加大贫困地区宅基地退出补偿力度提供依据,为制定更为合理的宅基地复垦补偿标准提供参考。研究方法:双边界二分式条件价值评估法(double-bound DC CVM)。研究结果:(1)研究区城乡居民对宅基地各类非市场价值认知存在一定差异;生活环境、文化素质、价值观念、经济收入等因素差异影响到城乡居民认知水平。(2)受访者对各类非市场支付意愿支付率也存在较大差异;受访者往往"理性"的将宅基地价值与切身利益结合起来,更多地表现为理性经济人。(3)Tobit模型回归结果显示,受访者的宅基地非市场价值的认可程度对其支付意愿有重要影响;一些经济社会特征对受访者的支付决策也产生一定影响。(4)评估结果表明:研究区宅基地非市场价值约为679.26×108元。每公顷宅基地非市场价值约为155.94×104元(10.40×104元/亩)。农民家庭年均支付意愿为464.52元,市民家庭年均支付意愿为1188.84元,分别占区域家庭平均可支配收入的1.96%和1.84%。(5)重庆市在该片区实际执行的12×104元/亩的宅基地复垦补偿标准偏低。(6)双边界二分式CVM引导技术在评估宅基地非市场价值中的应用是可行的。研究结论:应通过参考单位面积宅基地非市场价值,提高贫困区宅基地复垦补偿标准,实行区域产异化补偿等措施,保护退地主体权益。     

Attitudes,willingness to pay,and stated values for recreation use fees at an urban proximate forest

Studies have combined contingent valuation and attitude theory in models directly predicting willingness to pay recreation fees. Little research, however, has modeled predictions of attitudes toward fees on both the intention to pay (WTP) and stated payment amount ($WTP) simultaneously. This article addresses that knowledge gap using onsite survey data from 1068 recreationists at the McDonald-Dunn forest in Oregon. Attitudes toward paying an annual fee at this forest were directly associated with WTP and were among the strongest predictors of WTP. Respondents with supportive attitudes toward paying the annual fee were more willing to pay than those who were opposed. The strength of attitudes also influenced WTP, with those respondents having stronger opposition being least likely to pay. Attitudes toward paying a fee were indirectly (i.e., mediation) related to the stated payment amount ($WTP), suggesting that payment is influenced by intention to pay (WTP), and this intention is partially a function of attitudes about fees.     

Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Seafood Made in Europe

Sustainability of increasing relevance also for seafood markets. The aim of this contribution is to analyze consumer preferences and their willingness to pay (WTP) for different sustainability claims, and to identify consumer segments according to their WTP. The contingent valuation method was applied to elicit consumers’ WTP in eight European countries. The WTP varies between seven and almost 20%, depending on attribute and country. Three consumer groups become apparent: the largest group without any additional WTP, a smaller group with a moderate additional WTP of plus 17%, and a very small group with an additional WTP of more than 40%. Clear differences between countries are obvious regarding preferences for different sustainability attributes, particularly in the segment with the highest WTP. A fraction of the consumers is willing to pay significantly higher prices for sustainably produced fish from Europe: given that trustful standards are applied and well communicated.     

Consumers' willingness to pay for food quality - The case of eggs

The aim of this paper is to introduce an approach to estimating the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for food quality and safety using data on actual consumer purchases. Marginal WTP for specific food product varieties can be derived from estimated demand functions by inverting the relations, thereby expressing the prices consumers are willing to pay as functions of quantity demanded. The task addressed in the paper is isolation of the WTP for quality attributes embedded in the varieties. Two models based on the AIDS-specification are proposed and discussed. To illustrate the applicability of the models, the case of five varieties of eggs is presented. It is found that Danish consumers are willing to pay a relatively high premium for improved animal welfare and organic production methods and somewhat less for food safety.     

Willingness to Pay and QALYs: What Can We Learn about Valuing Foodborne Risk?

This paper examines the value of reducing foodborne risk. Previous research on the valuation of health risk has been dominated by the study of mortality risk. However, in most cases foodborne illnesses are non‐fatal, so we focus on individuals' preferences for reducing morbidity risk, while also including a realistic, if remote, chance of death. We use a contingent valuation method on a Swedish sample and we estimate a value of a statistical illness consistent with previous findings in the literature. We also examine how willingness to pay (WTP) varies with the expected change in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and estimate the WTP per QALY. We find that WTP increases with, though less than proportionally to, a change in QALYs. However, our results also suggest that respondents may have found it difficult to evaluate compound risks of both morbidity and mortality simultaneously.     

Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Quality and Safety in Clams

The aim of the research is to estimate the potential demand for certified clams in Italy and to investigate the determinants of maximum amount that respondents are willing to pay for this product. Quantitative analysis was used based on 1,067 face-to-face interviews collected in 3 Italian regions in the north bordering the Adriatic Sea (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna) carried out during 2008. The consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) is measured using a contingent valuation method. In order to estimate separately the determinants of the probability that respondents are willing to pay and the maximum that they are willing to pay, a generalization of Tobit model was adopted. The results indicate that consumers are willing to pay a premium price mainly to purchase better quality products. The research provides some initial insight into consumers' WTP that can be useful for certified fish farming.     

Can willingness‐to‐pay values be manipulated? Evidence from an organic food experiment in China

Human behaviors are driven by implicit and explicit motives. Psychologists have developed two main tools, namely time pressure and cognitive load, to disentangle the two motives. This implies values of willingness to pay (WTP) may be sensitive to time pressure and cognitive load levels in practice. An experiment with 233 students was conducted in China to study the willingness to pay for organic food with consideration of different time pressures and cognitive load levels. Results show that (1) increasing cognitive load could significantly reduce consumers’ WTP for organic food; and (2) time pressure does not have a significant impact on WTP values. Such results suggest researchers should be particularly cautious about the cognitive load situations of respondents during a WTP survey.     

Choosing Brands: Fresh Produce versus Other Products

Assuming that brands contribute to quality risk reduction, prestige, and design, we derive and test hypothesis on the willingness to pay (WTP) for brands across different product categories (electronics, clothing, packaged food, and fresh produce). Using the random effect tobit model on the stated point value of WTP and the ordered probit model on the stated range of WTP, we find that WTP for brands of fresh produce is least among the four product categories controlling for relevant demographic variations. Simulations show that fresh produce has a higher optimal price premium for brands but with a much smaller market share.     

Online Survey Data Quality and Its Implication for Willingness‐to‐Pay: A Cross‐Country Comparison

Using online surveys to elicit consumer preference is gaining popularity because of several advantages offered by this method. Past research mainly focuses on the comparison between online surveys and other survey modes. Few have explored methods of using online survey tools to improve data quality for consumer willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) estimates. This article determines the impact of using a validation question (VQ) approach that asked survey respondents to select a particular answer on improving online survey data quality across six countries. Results show that survey data quality is a common problem in online surveys across countries and the severity of this problem differs significantly. Using VQs might detect the respondents who are less careful in answering survey questions, thus providing less reliable answers. The econometric models for respondents who correctly answer VQs (pass VQs) perform significantly better than the models for respondents who incorrectly answer VQs (fail VQs). The WTP estimates for respondents who pass and fail VQs differ significantly; and in general the WTP estimates for respondents passing VQs have smaller variances than those for all respondents and for respondents failing VQs.     

淡水养殖系统环境损害成本的条件价值评估——以淀山湖水源保护区为例

水产养殖生态系统为人类提供了巨大的生态服务价值,但也造成一定程度的环境污染。本文利用CVM方法调查了淀山湖区域居民对水产养殖系统环境损害成本的支付意愿。分析结果表明,只有23.5%的居民对解决水产养殖造成的淀山湖生态环境损害存在支付意愿。利用单边界两分式问卷调查发现,对于水产养殖生态系统的环境污染治理的平均支付意愿为15.92元/人·年。据此计算,淀山湖周边三镇水产养殖系统的环境损害成本为每年276.7万元。居民治理水产养殖环境污染的支付意愿受收入、性别等社会经济因素的影响。     

On the use of flexible mixing distributions in WTP space: an induced value choice experiment

In this study, we use data from an induced value choice experiment to compare estimates from mixed logit models in willingness to pay (WTP) space using different parameter distributional assumptions. Specifically, we test differences in WTP estimates when using flexible parameter mixing distributions (i.e. Legendre polynomials, step functions and splines) and conventional parameter distributions (normal and lognormal). Similar WTP estimates are obtained. However, we observe that WTP estimates are statistically different from the induced value when conventional distributions are assumed, but they are not when more flexible distributions are assumed. This suggests that flexible distributions can provide more reliable WTP estimates.