中国的菲利浦斯曲线及劳动力市场缺位

虽然凯恩斯模型预示经济中存在菲利浦斯曲线 ,但是菲利浦斯曲线来自经验数据而非模型 ,并反映了比模型更加丰富的内容。按中国的菲利浦斯曲线分析 ,中国经济实际上处于制度限制下的均衡状态 ,必须加快市场化的进程 ,扩大市场机制的调节范围 ,政策的经济效应才能实现     

提高我国劳工待遇对我国对外贸易的影响和对策

我国对外贸易严重依赖劳动力成本优势,但低廉的劳动力成本基于我国劳工待遇普遍过低,由此引发了一系列的社会经济问题。短期内改善劳工待遇会对我国对外贸易造成不利影响,但是从长期来看有利于我国对外贸易的良性发展。文章认为政府应及时调整经济发展战略,积极改善我国劳工待遇,并提出了相应的具体措施。     

DUAL LABOR MARKETS AND THE IMPACT OF MINIMUM WAGES ON ATYPICAL EMPLOYMENT

We present a growth model that contains minimum wages as one important element of a flexicurity economy where we allow for heterogeneous labor and for real wage rigidities. We show that the wage‐setting process, in its reference to the reservation wage of the first labor market, is crucial as regards stability of the economy and persistent or explosive oscillations may occur, in particular when the influence of the reservation wage on wage formation in the first labor market becomes too strong. Further, minimum wages can alleviate the negative consequences of economic downturns and help stabilize the economy.     

THE DOUBLE ROLE OF SKILLED LABOR,NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND WAGE INEQUALITY

We examine the relationship between the supply of skilled labor, technological change and relative wages. In accounting for the role of skilled labor in both production activities and productivity‐ enhancing ‘support’ activities we derive the following results. First, an increase in the supply of skilled labor raises the employment share of non‐production labor within firms, without lowering relative wages. Second, new technologies raise wage inequality only in so far as they give incentives to firms to reallocate skilled labor towards non‐production activities. In contrast, skill‐biased technological change of the sort usually considered in the literature does not affect wage inequality.     

劳动价值论与知识价值论的关系评述——兼论价值理论的发展规律

人类社会从工业经济时代进入知识经济时代 ,引起了经济结构、文化和价值观念等一系列变革 ,马克思的劳动价值论也面临着新的挑战 ,出现了“劳动知识价值论”、“知识价值论”等价值理论。本文从劳动价值论与知识价值论的关系入手 ,分析了理论界流行的“否定论”、“取代论”和“发展论”三种关于两者关系的观点。在此基础上 ,指出价值理论遵循从“劳动价值论”到“劳动知识价值论” ,再到“知识价值论”的发展规律。     

NEGATIVE LABOUR VALUES AND THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER

Steedman's theoretical finding of negative labour values associated with positive equilibrium prices has been criticised on the grounds that this situation obtains only in inefficient economies. A recent paper by Hosoda claims that this criticism is valid only in two-dimensional joint-product systems. It is argued here that the dimensionality of the system is of no relevance to the “inefficiency critique” of Steedman. Rather, the validity of the critique turns on matters relating to the growth rate and the rate of profit. The argument that processes inefficient in a static context may be viable in the context of von Neumann growth is considered, and the implications for the labour theory of value are assessed. Marx's critique of capitalist economic calculation is supported by reference to the divergence of Sraffian prices and Samuelsonian values when the rate of profit is in excess of the rate of growth.     

SEARCH UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE DEMAND POLICY: A DUAL LABOR MARKETS ANALYSIS

This paper examines the role of aggregate demand policy affecting unemployment under a model of dual labor markets. Recently, some papers have considered the sources of unemployment in OECD countries and have stressed the role of aggregate demand policy in reducing it. However, there exists the argument that aggregate demand policy may have an adverse effect on unemployment. Therefore, in this paper, we will consider in what situations aggregate demand policy has such an effect on unemployment, and propose an analysis of its microfoundation.     

FISCAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE IMPERFECT LABOR MARKET

Using a simple overlapping generations model with the growth engine of public capital by incorporating the union wage setting, we examine the effects of fiscal policies on unemployment, economic growth and welfare in the imperfect labor market. We demonstrate that the growth‐maximizing tax in the imperfect labor market is larger than that of the perfect labor market. However, as the allocation ratio of public capital increases, the growth‐maximizing tax in the imperfect labor market approaches that of the perfect labor market, thus reducing the unemployment rate. The policy implications of the intergenerational welfare aspects are also mentioned.     

MARKET VALUES ESTIMATES OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF HOUSES

A survey of a sample of homeowners in a North Carolina County provided twenty-two variables indicating qualitative aspects of housing. In addition, information about quantitative characteristics was obtained. Aggregate measures of residential quality associated with individual housing units were derived by using factor analysis. Market values of housing attributes were estimated by regressing values of housing units on measures of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of housing.     

我国产业间就业转移趋势模型分析

中国的改革是按照两个改革战略向前推进的 :一是在传统的计划体制部门中逐步引入市场机制 ,使其逐渐地转化为市场引导型的经济部门 ;二是在传统计划体制部门之外发展新型的市场主导部门 ,改变过去的部门和企业的单一所有制结构 ,以创造更加充分的竞争环境。本文将就业结构变迁同经济体制变迁相结合 ,考察在体制改革的背景下劳动力在各产业部门间的流动性。     

GENERIC AND MANUFACTURERS' BRAND GROCERY PRODUCTS: THE ISSUE OF QUALITY*

This paper reports the results of an investigation of taste perceptions and preferences for three generic and three manufacturers' brand grocery products: dry roasted peanuts, apple sauce and powdered orange drink mix. Blind taste tests of a generic and of a manufacturer's brand in each of these product categories were conducted. Respondents evaluated each item in terms of several physical attributes associated with each of the products. In addition, measures of the perceived similarity and of the preference for the items within each of the three product categories were collected. A multi-attribute model was employed to predict respondent's preferences, and the predictive accuracy was found to be quite high. Implications of the findings for consumers and home economists are discussed.     

用整体观研究劳动价值论体系

本文认为 ,广义劳动价值论的基本观点和分析方法是我国现阶段社会主义社会的理论基础。深化劳动价值论的认识的一个重点是加强对生产价格规律的现实应用的研究 ,坚持和利用这一规律有利于调动一切积极因素来促进我国社会经济发展。“要素价值论”具有资本拜物教性质 ,它是市场经济条件下内容和形式颠倒关系的反映。     

多重PCR检测食品中转基因成分研究

[目的]建立检测转基因食品的多重PCR-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳快速检测体系.[方法]针对转基因大豆、玉米、油菜的多个相对稳定的转基因元件,包括35S、NOS、EPSPS、Cry1A、NPTⅡ等基因,同时选定植物本身固有的大豆Lectin、玉米IVR、油菜Napin基因作为内源参照指示基因,设计、筛选出9对引物分别组成多重PCR,结合高灵敏度的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳组成快速检测体系,对转基因食品进行检测,1～2天能完成整个检测过程.对珠海地区市售的大豆、玉米、油菜及其加工产品共185个样品中的转基因成分进行了初步调查.[结果]建立的多重PCR检测体系稳定可靠、特异性好,灵敏度高.调查的185份可疑食品样品中,转基因阳性率达27.6%.[结论]该检测体系快速可靠、灵敏准确、特异性好,且操作简便、成本低廉,是一种进行转基因食品检测的良好的技术模式.对珠海地区的转基因食品状况有了一定了解.     

DOMESTIC ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE CONSUMER*

This study identifies factors influencing the behaviour of the household in energy conservation, and reports on a survey carried out to investigate knowledge in the area of energy and its conservation and the extent to which knowledge is put into practice to save energy. The survey showed that, amongst working class women, the need to reduce the bill, or at least stop it rising so fast is the greatest incentive to conservation. Knowledge of how and where heat is lost from the house is poor and there is little awareness of the need for insulation. Conservation practices in cooking are poor and where money is less tight, women easily become careless users of hot water. Most women do not have the knowledge to choose between fuels and appliances. The knowledge of women over 60 is significantly lower than that of younger women.     

A COMPLETE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INVERTED S‐SHAPED LABOR SUPPLY CURVE

Empirical evidence suggests that labor supply curves are downward sloping at low wage levels, i.e. ‘forward‐falling labor supply’. In contrast, the supply curve is only downward sloping at high wage levels in the canonical labor supply model, i.e. ‘backward‐bending’. This paper derives a labor supply curve with both forward‐falling and backward‐bending segments, or an ‘inverted S‐shape’ by incorporating two elements into a standard utility function: a subsistence level of consumption and a decreasing elasticity of substitution. It is also shown that the subsistence level of consumption plays a key role in determining the shape of the labor supply curve.     

FORMALIZING WIESER's THEORY OF DISTRIBUTION: CONSISTENT IMPUTATION IN ALTERNATIVE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Wieser's theory of value and distribution has been formalized and interpreted mainly in the framework of efficient allocation of scarce resources. To this end, the mathematical techniques of linear programming have been used by such authors as Samuelson and Uzawa. This paper presents briefly what may be called the Knight–Samuelson–Uzawa formalization and supplements it with different proposed formalizations of some further aspects consistently developed in Wieser's works. The formalization that we propose concerns Wieser's theory of interest and his theory of value for ‘cost goods’. It is argued that in such cases the produced means of production, and not the endowments of scarce resources, are at the centre of Wieser's analysis. It is shown that some appropriately specified models in the Sraffa–von Neumann–Leontief tradition can very usefully be employed in order to strengthen Wieser's intuitive arguments and give them a sound analytical structure.     

EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR AND THE EVALUATION OF AN INTERVENTION MODEL FOR ELDERLY CONSUMERS*

This paper reports the development and evaluation of a consumer education intervention model for elderly consumers. Data on the consumer decision making patterns of married elderly were analysed to ascertain the correlates of a specialized or syncratic decision pattern. No differences were found relative to the type or intensity of consumer problems. Additionally, no support was observed for a resource theory of consumer decision-making power. T-test and analysis of covariance suggested that the educational model was effective. Suggestions for future research are offered.