经济发达区土地利用变化与生态服务价值损益研究——以浙江省慈溪市为例

研究目的:以浙江省慈溪市1999—2005年的土地利用详查及更新调查数据,研究该地区土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。研究方法:土地利用类型动态度法、土地利用程度综合指数法、生态系统服务价值当量计算法。研究结果:研究区1999—2005年园地、林地、建设用地呈增加趋势,耕地基本不变,水利设施用地和未利用地呈减少趋势;土地利用程度指数逐年上升;生态系统服务价值却随当地经济的发展逐渐下降。研究结论:今后的土地利用规划一定要严格控制建设用地扩张,提高用地效率,保证经济稳步增长和生态环境质量不断提高。     

基于LUCC的庐江县生态系统服务功能价值变化

计算得到2013年安徽省单位面积生态系统服务功能价值表,估算2009~2013年庐江县土地生态系统服务价值,并分析土地利用/覆被变化对其生态服务价值的影响。研究表明:(1)土地利用/土地覆被变化主要表现为除耕地以外的非建设用地的减少,而建设占用是这种减少的最主要原因,尤以2012年度为甚。(2)生态系统服务总价值逐年递减,总减少量约为5490万元,年均减少约1373万元。其下降主因是水域、湿地、林地的减少。(3)生态系统服务功能价值主要集中在水域、耕地和林地之中。     

土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值核算研究——以无锡市为例

通过对无锡市1999~2012年土地利用数据,采用基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值评估体系,对其生态系统服务价值进行核算。结果表明:1999~2012年无锡市土地利用结构发生了显著变化,建设用地快速扩张,耕地数量锐减,林地稳步增加,水域面积明显减少;无锡市生态系统服务总价值呈持续下降趋势,由1999年的40.55亿元减少到2012年的38.17亿元,减少5.86%,主要是由耕地和水域生态服务价值下降所致;研究区生态系统服务价值构成以河流和湖泊为主,占总价值的65%以上。因此,无锡市应合理开发利用土地资源,重点保护河湖生态系统,严格保护现有耕地,维护经济发达地区的生态服务功能,确保城市生态安全。     

城市边缘区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究——以大连市甘井子区为例

以大连市甘井子区为研究对象,基于GIS技术结合土地利用动态度模型和生态系统服务价值估算方法,分析2000、2003、2006和2009年4个时序的大连市甘井子区土地利用数据,研究其土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。大连市甘井子区作为典型的城市边缘区,对其进行研究,可以得出城环边缘区的土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响特征,对城市边缘区的土地利用规划与整理提供科学价值。结果表明,大连市甘井子区2000~2009年土地利用发生明显变化,耕地、园地、未利用地面积减少,建设用地、林地、水域面积有所增加,耕地土地利用动态度为-6.10%,建设用地土地利用动态度为1.27%;2000~2006年甘井子区生态系统服务价值呈现增加态势,6年间增加2 600.91万元,2006~2009年呈现减少态势,3年间减少679.36万元;除林地外,其他土地利用敏感性指数均小于1,生态系统服务价值对价值系数缺乏弹性。     

黄河流域生态补偿标准研究——以宁夏隆德县为例

[目的]生态补偿与生态系统服务功能相互制约,而生态系统服务功能与人类生产生活息息相关,评估生态系统服务功能价值,建立有效的生态补偿机制,对促进黄河流域生态保护和经济发展具有重要意义。[方法]以宁夏隆德县为例,基于生态系统服务功能价值法,从隆德县森林、草地、农田和水域4个方面展开分析,对隆德县黄河流域生态系统生态补偿进行估算。[结果]在黄河流域宁夏地区,隆德县作为重要的生态功能区,在其生态服务价值中,发挥主要作用的为森林生态系统,森林生态补偿额为6.447亿元,在总补偿标准上占据绝对地位,其次为农田、水域、草地生态补偿,且与生态系统服务价值相符。[结论]根据宁夏隆德县生态补偿标准测算结果,草地生态系统外溢补偿标准相对偏小,仍需继续改善,后期应对土地利用规划及时加以调整,为草地生态系统的良好发展提供保证。     

土地利用视角下流域地区生态系统服务价值评估——以长江三峡生态经济走廊为例

评估长江三峡生态经济走廊的生态系统服务价值是统筹区域经济发展的关键。文章收集了2009—2018年长江三峡生态经济走廊的6类土地利用数据,利用生态参数修订当量因子建立生态系统服务价值估算模型,分析不同时期廊首与廊腹生态系统服务价值的时空分异特征。研究表明：(1)长江三峡生态经济走廊在2009年与2018年的生态系统服务价值分别达到2316.47亿元和2370.46亿元,10年间基本保持递增趋势;林地生态对整个生态系统的服务价值起决定性作用。(2)短期内水土保持和生物多样性将会是长江三峡生态经济走廊生态保护的首要任务,保护水域和林地生态系统更能发挥强有力的价值增效。(3)水资源供给服务价值呈现增速快、总量小的特征,长江三峡生态经济走廊水源涵养作用逐渐显现,但未来依然会面临供水压力,因此应构建长期“三水共治”的工作格局。(4)廊首的生态价值低于廊腹,但增速高于廊腹,长江三峡生态经济走廊存在以重庆主城区为核心向外层区县递减的政策延迟反应和成效弱化效应。未来长江三峡生态经济走廊要正确处理城市扩张与环境承载的关系,一方面要守住保护环境的生态底线,另一方面要打好发展特色产业的经济牌;同时还要注重弥...     

县级土地利用变化与生态系统服务价值研究——以湖北省江陵县为例

研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响,可以为区域生态环境的保护和恢复提供科学依据;利用江陵县土地利用变更调查数据和相关统计资料,应用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,采用谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表进行计算;结果表明:1996～2004年研究区耕地、园地、林地和未利用地在减少,其中耕地减少最多,达342.06hm2;水域、建设用地和牧草地在增加,水域增加最多,迭596.31hm2;ESV总体呈增长趋势,由1996年的165660.4万元增加到2004年的168170万元,水域面积增加较多是生态系统服务价值增加的主要原因;江陵县的人均GDP与生态系统服务价值有较显著的线性正相关关系,说明研究区社会经济的发展并没有以牺牲环境为代价;今后应保持这种和谐的经济发展方式,取得社会、经济、环境效应的和谐统一.     

中国农业生态价值测算及时空聚类特征

[目的]生态价值是农业重要的功能之一,随着环境污染等问题的发生,测算农业的生态价值逐渐成为农业领域研究的热点。[方法]文章以中国农业生态系统为研究对象,采用生态系统服务价值当量因子法,测算了2005年、2010年和2015年中国31个省级区域(因数据限制,未计算中国香港、澳门和台湾地区)的农业生态价值,并在此基础之上探讨了中国农业现实生态价值的时空聚类格局。[结果](1)2005年、2010年和2015年中国农业生态价值一直处于增长的趋势,但2005—2010年的增长速度大于2010—2015年的增长速度。(2)2015年中国的农业经济价值占当年GDP的8.88%;中国农业生态价值的现实值为68.16万亿元,是当年农业经济价值的11.2倍。(3)农业理论生态价值整体呈现增长趋势,一直位于第一位的内蒙古在3年中占31个省份农业理论生态价值的比例稍有减少,位于最后一位的上海在3年中所占的比例略有增加。(4)对31个省份的农业现实生态价值空间集聚分析可以看出,Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类的省份一直保持不变, 2010—2015年的Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类的省份在发生变化,Ⅲ类减少的两个全部转化为Ⅳ类,且2005—2015年的经济发展较好的Ⅳ类地区均值增长率最高。[结论]中国农业的生态价值巨大,农业生产为中国经济发展的生态贡献,远远大于农产品的生产价值;内蒙古地区由于其独特的资源禀赋和农业用地各类型的面积大小使得其农业生态价值量一直位于第一位;经济发展较好的Ⅳ类地区对农业生态价值的关注度较高;政府应加大对农业用地的保护力度并积极调整各农业用地类型的比例使得农业生态价值发挥最大作用。     

怒江州土地利用模拟及生态系统服务价值评估——基于PLUS模型的多情景分析

[目的]为测度怒江州土地利用及生态系统服务价值。[方法]文章借助斑块生成土地利用变化模拟模型（Patch-generating Land Use Simulation Model,PLUS）及当量因子法计算3种情景下土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Services Values,ESV）,选取2013年和2019年两期遥感数据及2013—2019年NPP和粮食产量、播种面积以及粮食价格数据进行2025年土地利用变化模拟并对其生态系统服务价值进行评估。[结果]（1）采用PLUS模型对2025年怒江州土地利用变化类型模拟的效果较好,其总体精度为82.3%,FOM值为0.26,说明模型具有普适性;（2） 2019年自然情景下的ESV为764.18亿元,2025年自然发展、生态保护及耕地保护情景的ESV分别为759.42亿元、764.16亿元和762.80亿元;（3）生态价值敏感度小于1,表明怒江州ESV对生态系数缺乏弹性,结果可信;（4）在生态价值变化度中,林地和水域变化度大于1,说明林地和水域面积变化对怒江州ESV的影响大。[结论]怒江州土地利用变化度小,生态系统服务价...     

京津冀地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

[目的]文章旨在研究京津冀地区各城市生态系统服务价值的时空差异,为京津冀地区土地利用与生态环境保护提供参考。[方法]计算土地利用动态度和土地利用强度指数,构建生态系统服务价值模型,分析生态系统服务价值对土地利用强度的敏感性。[结果](1)2000~2015年期间,北京市以林地和建设用地为主,天津市以耕地和建设用地为主,河北省以耕地和林地为主;(2)京津冀地区生态系统服务价值从2000年的4 498.05亿元增加到2005年的4 655.65亿元,2015年下降到4 547.64亿元,其中,天津市、唐山市、沧州市和廊坊市的生态系统服务价值下降幅度较大,分别为7.16%、15.8%、7.62%和14.73%;(3)土地利用强度的变化对城市的生态系统服务价值影响较小,生态系统能够适应目前土地利用的变化。[结论]应该根据京津冀地区城市特点,制定差异化政策,优化土地利用结构,实现土地资源的可持续利用。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.