Formulation of financial valuation methodologies for NASA's human spaceflight projects

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) must continually evaluate proposals to upgrade its human spaceflight systems. These proposals may be initiated to enhance safety, improve performance, or provide improved cost value. In the current restrictive budget environment, the cost valuation should be strengthened to ensure the best use of limited funding. NASA has not frequently utilized financial analysis in project consideration, and business case analysis is often lacking during annual budgetary assessments. Some of the reasons inhibiting financial analysis are uncertainty in the projections of long life‐cycle costs, gains that may seem intangible and difficult to monetize, and the political environment. This paper explores ways in which some financial valuation methods, coupled with reformulation of project cash flows, might enhance NASA's analysis process. Among these methods is real option analysis (ROA), which is discussed in the context of several NASA upgrade projects.     

哈维的空间理论辨析及对中国空间发展的启示

大卫 哈维的空间理论主要包括“空间修复”“空间正义”和“生态社会主义”思想。哈维的空间理论直指资本主义制度的弊端,开创了当代研究马克思主义地理空间理论的新视角,在一定程度上应该且能够为构建中国特色社会主义空间发展理论所借鉴。满足人的全面发展需要的“空间发展”是克服资本逻辑下的“空间修复”的必然选择,中国特色社会主义的空间发展,必将真正体现出以人民为中心的空间发展理念,从根本上克服资本逻辑对空间生产、空间正义以及生态环境的控制,真正实现空间正义可持续发展下的人与人、人与社会、人与自然的和谐统一,走出一条不同于西方国家被资本所支配的发展道路。     

Operations Research in passenger railway transportation

In this paper we give an overview of state-of-the-art Operations Research models and techniques used in passenger railway transportation. For each planning phase (strategic, tactical and operational), we describe the planning problems arising there and discuss some models and algorithms to solve them. We do not only consider classical, well-known topics such as timetabling, rolling stock scheduling and crew scheduling, but we also discuss some recently developed topics such as shunting and reliability of timetables.
Finally, we focus on several practical aspects for each of these problems at the largest Dutch railway operator, NS Reizigers.     

The scholarly exchange of knowledge in Operations Management

A number of studies have investigated the quality of journals in Operations Management. This research steps back from these studies and investigates the exchange of ideas within Operations Management journals and between other management disciplines (Management, Marketing, and Finance) during the last decade (1998–2007). Journal citation metrics provide a measure for the exchange of scholarly ideas. Operations Management (OM) journals show a willingness to cross-pollinate ideas with other management disciplines. But, they also tend to have a higher level of self citations and lower level of within discipline citation exchanges when compared to other management disciplines. As a result, Operations Management journals may reflect methodological silos in the field that could potentially dampen scholarly exchange. In general, increasing the diversity of scholarly exchanges within Operations Management, and conducting more cross-disciplinary research with other management disciples should improve the scholarly development of Operations Management.     

Operations research in the management of regional blood services.

Operations Research techniques in the recruitment, collection, inventory planning and distribution of human blood in a regional blood service system (a blood bank supplying blood to a large geographical area) are discussed. Technological advances in the preservation and utilization of human blood and its components have been receiving considerable attention in blood banking literature. The demand these new developments place on management have only received scarce attention. A variety of O.R. techniques have already been adopted to assist in the management of regional blood banking. This paper reports on these applied techniques.     

On the computation of stable sets for bimatrix games

In this paper, an alternative definition of stable sets, defined by Mertens [Mertens, 1989. Stable equilibria – a reformulation. Part I. Definitions and basic properties. Mathematics of Operations Research 14, 575–625], is given where perturbations are interpreted as restrictions on the strategy space instead of perturbations of the payoffs. This alternative interpretation is then used to compute a special type of stable sets –called standard stable sets – in the context of bimatrix games, exclusively using linear optimization techniques and finite enumerations.     

基于精细化管理的中山市规划单元划定研究

国土空间规划是国家空间发展的指南和城市可持续发展的蓝图,是各类开发保护建设活动的基本依据.为实现国土空间规划精细化管理,亟需通过合理划定控制性详细规划单元和村庄规划单元,实现国土空间总体规划与详细规划的有效传导.本研究在文献综述和案例分析的基础上,结合中山市详细规划全覆盖需求和规划单元划定现状,探索在国土空间规划精细化...     

On games with incomplete information and the Dvoretsky–Wald–Wolfowitz theorem with countable partitions

It has remained an open question as to whether the results of Milgrom–Weber [Milgrom, P.R., Weber, R.J., 1985. Distributional strategies for games with incomplete information. Mathematics of Operations Research 10, 619–632] are valid for action sets with a countably infinite number of elements without additional assumptions on the abstract measure space of information. In this paper, we give an affirmative answer to this question as a consequence of an extension of a theorem of Dvoretzky, Wald and Wolfowitz (henceforth DWW) due to Edwards [Edwards, D.A., 1987. On a theorem of Dvoretsky, Wald and Wolfowitz concerning Liapunov measures. Glasgow Mathematical Journal 29, 205–220]. We also present a direct elementary proof of the DWW theorem and its extension, one that may have an independent interest.     

空间桁架结构施工顺序优化分析

建筑物的施工顺序对空间桁架结构的内力、稳定性(安全性)、建设成本等产生很大的影响。考虑采用逆解析的方法，从计算机辅助决策的角度来寻求符合设定目标的最佳施工方案。编制了相应的程序，数值分析结果表明了此方法的实用性。     

不确定方向关系的研究与分析

方向关系主要描述空间对象之间的地理关系,为GIS提供最基本的理论和方法。作为空间关系的固有特性,如何描述和处理不确定空间关系,在空间查询语言、基于内容的数据检索及空间分析中有重要作用。     

Déjà lu: On the limits of data reuse across multiple publications

Scholars in our field, Operations and Supply Chain Management (OSCM), are under high pressure to show research productivity. At most schools, this productivity is measured by the number of journal articles published. One possible response to such pressure is to improve research efficiency: publishing more journal articles from each data collection effort. In other words, using one dataset for multiple publications. As long as each publication makes a sufficient contribution, and authors ensure transparency in methods and consistency across publications, generating more than one publication from one data collection effort is possible. The aim of this Notes and Debates article, however, is to draw attention to inappropriate reuse of empirical data in OSCM research, to explain its implications and to suggest ways in which to promote research quality and integrity. Based on two cases of extensive data reuse in OSCM, eighteen problematic practices associated with the reuse of data across multiple journal articles are identified. Recommendations on this issue of data reuse are provided for authors, reviewers, editors and readers.     

Behavior in operations management: Assessing recent findings and revisiting old assumptions

In this paper, we provide a perspective on why behavioral research is critical to the operations management (OM) field, what prior research exists, and what opportunities lie ahead. The use of human experiments in operations management is still fairly novel despite a small stream of publications going back more than 20 years. We develop a framework for identifying the types of behavioral assumptions typically made in analytical OM models. We then use this framework to organize the results of prior behavioral research and identify future research opportunities. Our study of prior research is based on a search of papers published between 1985 and 2005 in six targeted journals including the Journal of Operations Management, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, Production and Operations Management, Management Science, Decision Sciences, and the Journal of Applied Psychology.     

大城市中心区地下空间规划设计实践探索——以蚌埠市、盐城市为例

一般大城市相较于特大城市,其地下空间的发展动因、目标定位、开发模式等方面有着显著的不同,目前对规划重视程度的远远不够,导致地下空间在城市规划体系中仍面临"边缘化"的局面。文章结合盐城、蚌埠市中心区地下空间规划的实践案例,提出经济适度、立体公共、地方人文的规划原则,在充分研究现状开发和目标需求的基础上,从宏观布局到微观设计等多个层面提出系统化的应对措施,旨在为此类大中等城市地下空间的规划和开发提供参考。     

Multi-factor financial planning: an outline and illustration

This paper deals with the support of strategically oriented financial planning processes in business firms. In handling a financial planning problem, the decision maker has to deal with a number of complications. In this paper special attention is paid to the risk with regard to the outcomes of the financial plan and the existence of multiple, conflicting goals. An interactive approach to financial planning is presented. Risk is modeled by means of so-called multi-factor risk models and multiple goals are explicitly accounted for through the use of an interactive goal programming method. The use of the interactive approach will be numerically demonstrated by means of an exemplary planning problem.     

居住区的绿地规划设计

针对如何编制居住区的绿地规划,文章总结了多年的工作实践,提出编制居住区绿地规划时应注意绿地的基本要求、类型、布置方式及空间组织。     

迈向国际化大都市的规划思考——西安城市空间理性增长的实现途径初探

在经济全球化和区域一体化背景下,以大城市为核心的城市地区已经成为一种具有全球竞争和国家战略意义的区域发展模式与空间组合形式.本文通过梳理分析国际化大都市的相关理论研究和技术演变历程,响应国家的战略意图,阐述了中国语境下的西安建设国际化大都市的具体内涵.通过对西安城市空间发展现状特征的分析,基于城市空间理性增长这一主题,...     

Real Geographies,Real Economies and Soft Spatial Imaginaries: Creating a ‘More than Manchester’ Region

This article develops a framework for analysing region‐building processes as spatiotemporal constructs, involving competing spatial imaginaries and attempts at consolidating these through institution building. Central here is the performative role of what we refer to as ‘soft space imaginaries’ in the ‘phased’ building of regions for planning and economic development over time. We demonstrate how this understanding can be used to examine the phased enactment of successive waves of region‐building by tracing the evolution of multiple soft spatial imaginaries in north‐west England. The analysis exposes the variable logics, alliances of actors, and tactics used to build momentum and secure legitimacy around preferred imaginaries which advocates often promoted on the grounds that they somehow reflected ‘real geographies’ or ‘real economies’. In this context, soft space imaginaries are seen to play an integral role in intellectual case making about the contemporaneous form and purpose of subnational governance. Yet our analysis also exposes the durability of past soft space imaginaries and their continued impact on efforts to build new soft spaces. What emerges is an understanding of soft space imaginaries as more than just superficial representations. They can help determine where government investment is channelled and into what kinds of policies.     

紫阳县绿地系统规划设计

在对陕西省紫阳县绿地现状进行分析和调查研究的基础上,对紫阳县城的绿地系统进行规划设计,提出了"一环两带、四廊多点"的规划结构,构建"大绿环城、大水载城、绿廊串城"的方案。通过本次规划,使紫阳县呈现新的可持续发展的人居环境,从而将人均公园绿地面积提升为10.75m2/人,使绿地率达到35.79%,绿地覆盖率达到39%。     

INTERACTIONS AMONG DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF A RESPONSIVE PUBLIC SPACE: CASE STUDY IN IRAN

A place is generally identified by its varying physical, activity, social and meaning (connotative) characteristics. In this paper, the "Model of Responsive Public Space" is defined by these four aspects and each of them has its own special indicators as shown in previous studies on this subject. To examine this model and evaluate the interactions between these dimensions, experimental studies were carried out in two stages. In the first stage, open-ended structured interviews were carried out with 70 participants to adjust the model with personal opinions about public spaces in Qazvin city, Iran. In the second stage a questionnaire was used to explore the effect of the four dimensions on each other. 598 users of a selected public space participated in this study. The results were analyzed by SPSS software applying a Pearson correlation test and Excel software. These results indicate that not only in theory but also in practice, public spaces have four distinct aspects that must be taken into consideration when creating a responsive public space. The most significance correlation is that between the meaning and the social dimension of public spaces.