EC reform inch by inch

After ratification by member countries, the “Luxembourg reform package” worked out by the European Council at the end of 1985 is to provide the basis for the development of the European Community into the nineties. What are the challenges facing the EC? What opportunities do the Luxembourg reforms open up?     

EC Agricultural reform ad infinitum?

After protracted negotiations, the EC Ministers of Agriculture agreed on a reform of the Common Agricultural Policy on July 1st. Will this reform solve the fundamental problems plaguing the common agricultural market? Is it compatible with the GATT?     

EC agricultural reform policy—The beginning of a new form of protectionism?

The European Community regards its current agricultural policy “reforms” as an adjustment to the reality of the market and hence as a contribution to easing the strains in world agricultural trade and reducing worldwide distortions in resource allocation. A detailed analysis gives ground for scepticism.     

The southward enlargement of the EC

On January 1, 1981 the southward extension of the EC starts with the accession of Greece. Spain and Portugal are to follow suit in the near future. The consequences in the industrial sphere will be less spectacular than those in agriculture but still of considerable importance for the process of integration in a Community of Twelve.     

The relationship between CMEA and EC

In early 1970 responsibility for the conclusion of trade agreements was transferred from the individual member states to the EC. Since then the EC has been recognized throughout the world as a contractual partner in its own right within this area. Only the Soviet Union and the CMEA are being difficult accepting these changes in responsibility since 1970. This means that in trade between the EC countries and the state trade countries there exists at present a situation without treaties. Where do the problems lie? What models offer themselves for overcoming this situation?     

电子商务环境下的产品定制模式研究

为了实现以客户需求为驱动的供应链,本文提出了一种基于网络自助服务与销售代理服务相结合的客户关系管理(CRM)模式,它采用以客户为中心的前端销售模式,在与后端的企业管理信息系统(MIS)集成后,达到最大限度地满足客户需要和尽可能地降低企业成本的目的。     

The requirements for EC merger control

The need for a uniform European system to control mergers seems ever more urgent as the advent of the European internal market draws closer. What proposals and approaches already exist for European competition law? How should they be assessed?     

The myth of unified EC product standards

Although unified standards are likely to allow easier access to the multiple markets in the EC, compliance with the standards may not be so easy. Even more complex standards have evolved as a negative consequence of the intensive bargaining between the Member States in the course of developing unified standards.     

The international repercussions of EC agricultural policy

The importance of the EC in international agricultural markets has grown steadily since the establishment of the Community and will receive another boost following its southward enlargement. Nevertheless, agricultural policy has been inward-looking and has paid, little heed to the external effects it engenders. Prof. Schmitz shows that EC agricultural policy has tended to depress world market prices, has increased their volatility and artificially distorted the price structure in the world market.