后危机时代世界经济再平衡及其挑战

基于对世界经济失衡问题的基本判断,本文分析了世界经济相对均衡发展的图景、全球经济的需求结构、虚拟经济与实体经济适度发展以及国际货币体系重构等世界经济再平衡过程中必须面对的突出问题。本文指出,世界各国尤其是中美等主要经济体的国内均衡将是实现世界经济再平衡的前提和基础。本文最后探讨了美国、日欧、石油出口国与中国等国家的经济发展模式转变及其面临的挑战。     

中国经济改革的经验与启示

中国经济改革最根本的经验就是发展社会主义市场经济,社会主义基本经济制度与市场经济相结合,实现国有经济的市场化与发挥国有经济的主导作用相结合,国家的宏观调控与市场机制的基础作用相结合,提高效率与促进公平相结合,坚持独立自主同参与经济全球化相结合,坚持公共部门的公益性与利用市场运作相结合。中国经济学的建设与发展要坚持以马克思主义为指导,建设具有中国特色的经济学理论,走自主发展的道路。     

ENDOGENOUS ECONOMIC POLICY AND THE STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

This paper develops and tests a model that predicts a positive relationship between absolute levels of capital stock and how favourable are policies toward capital. The theoretical model we use is a model of campaign contributions and electoral competition, extended to consider the implications for factor mobility and hence the structure of production. There are two main predictions. First, countries with more capital stock tend to implement more pro‐capital policies. Second, in a two‐country model, the country that initially has more capital will be able to attract capital inflows from the other country. Given additional assumptions on the production side, this yields the prediction that the more different are countries' policies, the more different will be the set of goods that they produce. These predictions of the model are confirmed using panel data on cross‐state differences in policies and economic outcomes in India.     

THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT: Public enterprises have been an integral part of the involvement of the state in the economy for most of the 20th century. After 1980, privatization has been the dominant trend until the 2008–2010 economic crisis when new nationalizations happened. Ownership is only an element of a complex system of relations between a public enterprise and its institutional environment where the role of the board of directors, the mechanisms of coordination, the role of senior civil servants, etc. come to play. Using the Canadian experience with public enterprises, we suggest in this article that public enterprises could be interesting economic policy instruments in the future as in the past if such an economic policy exists. In other words, privatization did not solve the control issue over many large enterprises. Improved corporate governance should be considered. This article aims at improving the understanding of how by focusing on various aspects of the governance of public enterprises on their potential use and work. In Canada, public enterprises have been used to face the recent global crisis but they also come from a long tradition of intervention in the economy, a tradition closer to the European than the American. After reviewing recent developments in their governance, paths for future research are proposed.     

ARE COLLECTIVE ECONOMY UNDERTAKINGS INTEGRATED INTO THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICY IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY? A POSTSCRIPT*

I. The concept of economic and social policy in the Federal Republic of Germany. II. Public undertakings: conditionally recognized. III. Co-operatives: integrated. IV. Trade union undertakings: disputed. V. German collective economy: a creation of theory, not a political reality.     

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND TRADE PROTECTION: POLICY ISSUES FOR SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES

This article shows that economic integration acts as a viable instrument of protection for individual countries, when benefits of discriminatory protectionist policies like the multifiber arrangement are withdrawn. Using United Nations Conference on Trade and Development statistics for 1995–2013 and applying an extended version of the augmented gravity model, we show that the formation of a trade bloc like the South Asian Free Trade Area unambiguously promotes member countries' exports of textile and clothing at both intra‐bloc and extra‐bloc levels. The expansion of south‐south trade is facilitated by the growing intraregional trade in intermediate goods. The creation of a regional value chain can shield the smaller countries in the context of enhanced global competition. (JEL F14, F15, F13)     

ECONOMIC BURDENS OF MARITAL DISRUPTIONS: A COMPARISON OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the German Socio-Economic Panel are used to show that women and children are worse off following a marital split than are men in both the United States and Germany. The size of the difference is sensitive to the equivalence scale used, but despite its far more extensive tax and transfer system the disparate impact of divorce or separation on women and children persisted in Germany at a level at least as high as in the United States.     

A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF ECONOMIC WELL-BEING FOR GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES

This paper, using six waves of data (1984-89) from the United States Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), compares economic well-being using single year income, multi-year income, and wealth as measures. We find inequality to be greater in the United States than in Germany regardless of the measure used. However, the relative degree of inequality varies across measures. When we disaggregate our data by age and gender categories, in general we find greater inequality in the United States, but wealth inequality among older Germans is greater than it is among older Americans.     

产业政策:实现经济增长的选择

现代生产力水平的提高与产业政策的应用密切相关。在实现市场经济的进程中,我国不能选择不加控制的自由市场方式去完成资源的优化配置;而应该通过政策导向来促进资源的合理流动,否则会永远落后于发达国家。应用经济政策管理国民经济的方式,完全不同于以体现指令性计划为特征的行政干预;它是一种“间接导向”而不是“直接控制”。关于产业政策的研究,在我国是一个薄弱环节。产业政策的应用,对实现生产力水平的提高和增强经济实力有现实意义。     

GIBSON'S PARADOX AND POLICY REGIMES: A COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIENCE IN THE US, UK AND ITALY

This paper compares the behaviour of long-term interest rates and prices in Italy, the UK and the USA, and seeks to shed light into what has become known as the 'Gibson Paradox'. We compare the various theoretical explanations for the observed positive correlation of interest rates and prices in the USA and the UK. Using both regression and frequency domain techniques, we demonstrate that there is little evidence for the occurrence of the paradox in the case of Italy. The key conclusion of the paper is that the comparative evidence from these three countries supports a gold standard interpretation of the Paradox.     

世界主要科技园区成功经验探索

科技园区是世界许多国家特别是西方发达国家发展高科技及其产业的重要模式。本文以世界主要科技园区的成功经验为范例，分别从区位环境和地理位置、服务体系以及孵化器与创业中心功能等三个角度阐述了其成功的要素。旨在为我国高新技术开发区向科技园区的二次创业提供借鉴。     

区域经济发展差距:新经济地理、要素流动与经济政策

改革开放后,中国区域经济发展差距主要表现为区域间差距的扩大,而非区域内部差距的扩大。这一现象的发生是多方面原因共同作用的结果:在新经济地理因素的影响下,具有区位优势的东部沿海地区吸引了中西部地区大量的生产要素进行跨区域流动,加上中央政府的政策导向作用,使得中国经济发展差距呈现出逐步扩大的趋势。因此,中央政府应该采取有力措施,以便在全国形成合理的区域分工,进而达到缩小区域经济发展差距的目标。     

INTEREST GROUPS AND ECONOMIC POLICY: EXPLAINING THE PATTERN OF PROTECTION IN THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

This article examines the determinants of the pattern of protection across products in the Brazilian agricultural sector from 1969 to 1989. Three key determinants of policy are explored: interest group pressure, government objectives, and structural change associated with economic crisis and a change in political regime. The principal agricultural policies are analyzed, and nominal protection coefficients (NPCs) and producer subsidy equivalents (PSEs) are calculated. When NPCs are used as the dependent variable, econometric results indicate that interest group characteristics such as group size were an important determinant of the pattern of protection. With PSEs, government efforts to raise tax revenues, generate foreign exchange, and control inflation played a more significant role. The results of this paper suggest that future studies of the political economy of protection should pay more attention to the specification of the dependent variable because the conclusions can depend crucially on this choice.     

长江经济带产业结构演变及政策取向

本文基于SSM模型对2003-2012年长江经济带三次产业结构的演变进行研究,并分析其演变的影响因素。结果表明：长江经济带三次产业产值稳步增长,份额有所提高,结构演变过程中第二产业、第三产业交替主导;长三角地区产业结构合理,第三产业凭借较强的竞争力成为地区经济的主导产业;长江中上游地区经济增速较快,第一产业、第二产业竞争力强,形成以第二产业为主导的经济体系;政策导向影响、要素价格变化、区域分工合作以及产业发展的客观规律是长江经济带产业结构演变的主要影响因素。有鉴于此,本文提出一系列产业发展政策建议,以期促进长江经济带经济可持续发展。