Product Scope and Productivity: Evidence from India's Product Reservation Policy

Protections for small enterprises are commonplace in developing countries. How do these policies affect overall industrial performance? Using exogenous variation in the timing of an Indian policy dismantling laws that “reserved” certain products for exclusive manufacture by small firms, we identify the effect of the dereservation policy on size, productivity, product churning, and other industry dynamics. Following the change, we find that firms significantly altered their product lines, leading to the reallocation of productive factors, increasing exits, and increasing total factor productivity. These effects were driven by new entrants moving into the formerly restricted product space, and in particular by multiproduct firms. Our findings underscore the importance of intrafirm heterogeneity on the impact of size‐contingent regulations, as firms' product line dynamics can be an important dimension of productivity growth.     

基于转变经济增长方式的林业企业技术创新主体构建及评价指标体系研究

资源危机、能源安全以及全球变暖已成为制约经济可持续发展的主要因素,在这种情况下林业企业要想取得长足发展,必须转变现有的没有考虑环境成本的粗放式增长方式,而技术创新是林业企业实现经济增长方式转变的根本途径。本文在分析林业企业技术创新现状的基础上提出林业企业技术创新主体构建的具体措施从而实现林业企业的低碳循环的集约式增长方式,最后设计出创新主体构建的评价指标体系,为判断主体构建合理与否提供依据。     

对金融危机下农业政策性银行支持涉农企业发展的思考

全球金融危机的扩散和蔓延,正在对中国实体经济带来冲击与影响,而涉及粮棉油生产、收购、加工及其他农产品加工企业也未能独善其身,由于涉农企业受到较大的冲击,进而影响到农业生产的稳定和农民的增收。在这场金融危机面前,农业政策性银行如何充分履行职能,支持涉农企业摆脱困境,促进农业和农村经济的良性循环。本文通过抽象调查与思考,较深刻地分析了金融危机对涉农企业及信贷支农的影响,提示了涉农企业在这场金融危机中应把握的发展机遇,提示了农业政策性银行在这场金融危机中应承担的支农、护农责任及采取的对策建议。     

国际金融危机背景下企业和谐劳动关系再思考

文章针对国际金融危机对企业用工制度的影响,指出目前制约企业劳动关系的具体因素。在此基础上,明确现阶段企业处理员工劳动关系的基本思路,从政府、企业、员工和社会四个层面提出构建和谐劳动关系的具体对策。     

后危机时代对中国营商环境的再认识——基于世界银行对中国2700家私营企业调研数据的实证分析

文章利用世界银行2012年对中国2700家私营企业的调研数据,从企业层面研究了经济危机后中国的营商环境。调研结果表明,中国企业在当前经济环境中所面临的问题主要表现为金融准入困难、人力资源受教育程度不高、非正规部门竞争以及税负高等。文章估计了上述问题对企业业绩的影响。研究结果表明,除人力资源受教育程度不高与企业业绩关系不显著外,其余困难均与中国企业的经营业绩呈显著负相关关系,文章进而对各行业的营商环境进行了评估,结果与全国层面分析一致。应重新评估中国营商环境,加强中国的金融基础设施建设力度,优化中小企业信贷政策环境,切实减轻企业的税负压力。     

浅析金融危机中我国外贸企业的困境及出路

2006年开始的美国次贷危机很快演变成一场蔓延全球的金融危机,给世界各国的经济带来很大的影响,我国也不例外。本文正是基于这种情况,通过分析金融危机对我国外贸企业的影响原因入手,并提出一些应对建议,以期为我国外贸企业带来更好的思考及应对措施。     

China and the Global Financial Crisis： Assessing the Impacts and Policy Responses

The present paper explores the role of China in the creation of the current global financial crisis and the impacts of the crisis on its economy. It argues against the view that the ＂saving glut＂ in China （along with other Asian emerging economies） played a significant causal role in the crisis. The global financial crisis did not engender much damage in China＇s financial structure, thanks to the relatively closed, bank-centered financial system. However, the impacts on the ＂real＂ side of the Chinese economy were hard felt. Growth and employment have fallen, largely due to the decline in exports and foreign direct investment. The crisis reveals the vulnerability of the export-dependent growth pattern. Policy responses of the Chinese Government, including monetary, fiscal and social policies, have helped to stem the downfall of the economy in the immediate term, but some of the policies have not addressed the structural problems of the Chinese economy and might well aggravate such problems over time. The present paper proposes a tentative reform blueprint to rebalance the economy and to sustain long-term growth.     

South African Exporters and the Global Crisis: Intensive Margin Shock,Extensive Margin Hangover

This paper examines how changes at the intensive (established exporters exporting existing products to established markets) and the extensive (new exporters, products or markets) margins contribute to South African export growth and how this was affected by the global financial crisis. We find that the intensive margin is the more important contributor to export growth, contributing more than three quarters of observed growth. The intensive margin contracted significantly during the global financial crisis of 2009 but bounced back to pre‐crisis levels quickly. However, the impacts on the extensive margin persisted after the crisis with lower levels of entry of firms, new products and new destinations. The short‐term impact of the crisis was mitigated by the concentration of South African exports among larger, more productive super‐exporters. However, the fall in entry of new firms, products and destinations as a result of the crisis may mean that this concentration persists, and, at least over the next few years, South Africa does not diversify and broaden its exports.     

金融危机下中小企业的融资策略分析

金融危机下中小企业的融资环境发生了较大的变化,中小企业融资的难度加大,生存举步维艰。文章分析了金融危机下融资环境变化对中小企业融资能力的影响,接着分析了金融危机下中小企业面临的资金普遍紧张等融资困境,提出了走"联合重组"之路等融资策略。     

金融危机对长三角地区外向型企业的影响及应对策略

运用文献资料法和调查法,对金融危机情况下长江三角洲地区外向型企业发展现状和资源进行分析。在尊重市场经济发展规律的前提下,充分分析金融危机对长三角地区外向型企业的影响,提出了促进长江三角洲地区外向型企业进一步发展的对策。为长三角地区外向型企业尽快摆脱金融危机的影响及今后更好地发展提供理论参考。     

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE LONG‐TERM SURVIVAL OF MICRO,SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN ETHIOPIA

There is an increasing recognition of the potential importance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) for employment, income and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. Although the MSME sector contributes significantly to the national economy, the high failure rate among well established small businesses and enterprises is a matter of major concern. A random sample of 500 small businesses and enterprises selected from five major cities in Ethiopia were followed up for 6 years in order to assess the impact of influential factors that affect the long‐term survival and viability of small enterprises. Hazard ratios estimated from the Cox Proportional Hazards Model were used to quantify the impact of key predictors of survival. Businesses that ceased operation were characterised by inadequate finance (61%), low level of education (55%), poor managerial skills (54%), shortage of technical skills (49%), and inability to convert part of their profit to investment (46%). The study shows that participation in social capital and networking (iqqub schemes) was critically helpful for long‐term survival. Businesses that did not participate in iqqub schemes regularly were found to be 3.25 times more likely to fail in comparison with businesses that did. Results of the study have implications that could be used for developing policy initiatives that are aimed at fostering long‐term growth in small businesses and enterprises.     

金融危机下扶持民营经济发展的财税政策思考

改革开放30年来,民营经济为我国经济和社会发展做出了巨大贡献。全球金融危机的爆发对我国民营经济产生了巨大冲击。为减轻民营企业税收负担,加大财政对民营企业的支持力度,我国政府应进一步完善对民营经济的财税支持体系,包括统一各类企业税收制度、完善中小企业税收优惠政策、进一步提高出口退税率、在全国范围内进一步推进增值税改革及大幅度增加用于支持中小企业信用担保的资金等措施。     

试述国际金融危机对电网企业的影响及对策

由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机给作为我国能源支柱产业的电网企业带来了严峻的考验。如何缓和金融危机的影响,化危机为转机,成为我国电网企业面临的首要课题。本文试分析金融危机给电网企业带来的挑战和机遇,并提出电网企业应对金融危机的对策建议。     

Factor shares,inequality, and capital flows

I present an endogenous growth model where innovations are factor saving and model the choice of technologies in an Overlapping Generations framework. Markets are competitive and factor prices are determined by marginal productivity of factors; therefore, the income share of reproducible factors increases with the stage of development. Beyond the standard results of this type of model I find that (i) without bequests long‐run growth is not possible, (ii) if the economy presents long‐run growth then intrageneration inequality may last forever but if the economy does not present long‐run growth then in steady state, there is no intrageneration inequality, (iii) when the economy is open, the pattern of capital flows depends not only on the relative abundance of factors but also on the technologies and, for this reason, capital may not flow from rich to poor economies, and (iv) consistently, capital flows may not help to break poverty traps.     

Does the internet generate economic growth,international trade,or both?

Recent cross country panel data studies find a positive impact of internet use on economic growth and a positive impact of internet use on trade. The present study challenges the first finding by showing that internet use does not explain economic growth directly in a fully specified growth model. In particular openness to international trade variables seem to be highly correlated with internet use and the findings in the literature that internet use causes trade is confirmed here suggesting that internet use impacts trade and that trade impacts economic growth. A simultaneous equations model confirms the positive and significant role of internet use to openness and the importance of openness to economic growth. Internet use shows to be more impacting trade in non-high income countries than in high income countries whereas the impact of trade on economic growth is the same for both income groups.     

应对金融危机 发挥深圳支柱企业作用

2008年延续至今的全球金融危机对中小企业聚集的深圳经济造成较大冲击。应对这场危机,深圳必须强化支柱企业优势,发挥支柱企业较强抵御风险的作用。与京沪相比,支柱企业对深圳的贡献作用明显偏低。笔者认为,深圳要充分发挥本土支柱企业的作用,通过优质资源向优质企业倾斜,优惠政策向支柱企业倾斜的政策扶持支柱企业的发展,以增强深圳抵御经济危机的能力。本文最后就深圳依托支柱企业发展物流装备业提出了一点建议。     

What effect does the size of the state-owned sector have on regional growth in China?

This paper examines the effects state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have on China's economic growth. We present a simple and intuitive model of the political process, which predicts a larger state-owned sector will lead to lower growth rates. We then estimate regressions with various measures of and proxies for real output growth using a variety of other factors, including measures of the size of the state-owned sector, as regressors.We find a robust negative relation between the size of state-owned enterprises and the provincial growth rate. The estimates indicate that a decrease in the SOE share of industrial production by 10 percentage points increases real GDP growth the following year by between 0.7% and 1.2%. The average impact of a reduction in the SOE share in employment by 10 percentage points is between 1.6% and 2.3%.     

Covid-19, Economic Growth and South African Fiscal Policy

Following years of fast-rising debt levels, we show that the Covid-19 crisis worsened an already deteriorating fiscal position in South Africa. To restore fiscal sustainability in the aftermath of the crisis some commentators argue that higher government expenditure will grow GDP sufficiently to stabilise the debt/GDP ratio. We reject this, showing that although a real increase in expenditure stimulates economic growth (a short-run, once-off effect), the public expenditure/GDP ratio exceeds the level at which an increase in the ratio positively impacts growth. We then explore the past efforts of government to maintain or restore fiscal sustainability by estimating a fiscal reaction function using a Markov-switching model. Following the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the budget, we subsequently establish the deficit, expenditure and revenue adjustments that the government will have to make to restore fiscal sustainability. Finally, we consider the merits of introducing a debt ceiling.     

后危机时代温州民营经济的国际化之路

为了有效应对危机,大多温州民营企业在各级政府的宏观调控下积极谋求应变之策,为抢占国际化发展的新契机积蓄力量,不过也遇到了许多新问题。因此,后危机时代温州民营经济的国际化发展必须解决经济结构中隐藏的深层次问题,才能有效避免再度遭受严重冲击,以保持民营经济国际化持续稳定地快速发展。     

全球金融危机对我国中小企业的影响和对策分析

全球性金融危机对我国的中小企业生存和发展产生了深刻的影响。文章认为,这场金融危机使中小企业融资更加困难,持续发展资金严重缺乏,定单锐减,生产规模萎缩,企业利润空间受到挤压。应对危机对中小企业的影响,渡过困难,主要靠企业自身的努力和创新,同时政府要给予扶持,这样才能使中小企业在危机中求得生存和发展的空间。