从后凯恩斯主义货币内生理论谈货币政策的出路

文章以后凯恩斯主义货币内生论为理论依据,将货币“中性”与“非中性”之争和“内生”与“外生”之争纳入到一个框架下进行研究,以探求货币政策操作的“内生”逻辑。采用我国2001年第1季度至2013年第3季度的季度数据,构建联立方程模型,运用协整检验和系统估计方法分别考察货币政策操作的短期和长期效果以及货币内生创造机制的根源。实证结果表明,M2对名义GDP增长短期和长期均呈现中性;M2短期内会加剧CPI的波动率,但长期内和CPI增长率没有共同的趋势;存款与M2有共同的长期趋势,短期内二者呈现显著的正相关性而且显著性不会随着结构变化、滞后项和控制变量的加入而减弱;贷款与存款之间也存在长期的共同趋势,短期内贷款对存款的解释力度是高度显著且稳定的。以上四点主要结论对我国货币当局制定货币政策提供了重要的指导意义。     

我国货币供给的价格效应——基于物价、股价、房价的比较分析

本文选取2001年第1季度至2009年第4季度的季度数据,通过计量模型对货币供给的价格效应进行了比较分析,结果显示:总体上,我国货币供给存在着价格效应,但结构上存在差异,表现为:房价效应较大,物价效应较小,股价效应几乎不存在。基于此,得出了实施货币政策调控价格的一些有益启示。     

经济开放度对中国货币政策有效性的影响:基于1985～2004年交叉数据的分析

在经济全球化的国际背景下,经济开放度的提高对中国货币政策有效性产生了复杂而深远的影响。本文通过构建产出增长率与通货膨胀增长率模型,利用年度与季度的交叉数据,对中国经济开放度与货币政策产出效应、价格效应的关系进行检验,结果表明:经济开放度的提高,同时减弱了中国货币政策的产出效应和价格效应,货币当局必须采取有效措施防范经济开放度提高对货币政策有效性的冲击。     

我国财政货币政策反经济周期作用实证研究

文章回顾了改革开放以来我国5轮经济周期和8次主要反经济周期的财政货币政策。通过构造实际经济增长率、广义货币增长率和财政赤字增长率三变量VAR模型对财政货币政策的反经济周期作用进行实证分析,发现货币政策的作用时效和强度均优于财政政策,同时二者存在双向联动倾向。另外,文章也分析了政策出现不同效果的原因,认为我国反经济周期应构建以货币政策为主、财政政策为辅的调控体系。     

产业政策扶持激励了企业创新吗?——基于“五年规划”变更的自然实验

产业升级是政府产业政策的核心目标,这一宏观过程顺利与否很大程度上取决于微观企业的创新活动。文章以2007-2014年中国上市公司为样本,利用2011年“五年规划”变更这一自然实验构造的双重差分模型（DID）探讨了宏观产业政策之于微观企业创新的经济后果及其作用机制。研究表明,产业政策能够增加被扶持企业的创新投入,且影响程度呈现出“先升后降”的动态变化趋势;上述作用主要是通过政府补贴、税收优惠等“资源效应”而非通过降低企业市场势力、行业集中程度等“竞争效应”实现的;进一步研究发现,资源依赖下的产业政策降低了被扶持企业的创新效率,这在“特惠型”的资源分配方式即政府补贴和税收优惠等集中于少数企业的情况下尤为严重。上述结论为我们理解产业政策对企业创新的作用及其内在机制提供了经验证据。     

论我国货币政策中介目标的适用性及其选择

众所周知,货币政策中介目标是货币政策框架的一个重要环节。中介目标之所以重要,主要有两点原因,一是货币政策作用机理具有滞后性与动态性;二是为避免货币政策制订者的机会主义行为,需要货币当局设定一个名义锚。从1996年以来,我国就正式将货币M1的供应量作为货币政策中介目标,     

朱理治的金融思想及其现实意义

1941年,由于国民党的封锁和当地的经济落后,陕甘宁边区的财政亏空很严重。边区银行不得不靠发钞,即财政赤字货币化来解决边区政府的财政亏空问题。边区财政赤字的货币化成为边区物价上涨的主要原因。面对这种局面,陕甘宁边区银行行长朱理治执行了非常灵活的政策。一方面,不拒绝财政赤字的货币融资("发票子");另一方面,又十分注意把物价上涨控制在可以接受的范围之内。拒绝"发票子",边区政府无法运转,边区生产也得不到发展。通过"发票子"为财政赤字融资可能会导致通货膨胀失控。事实上,当时边区的通胀已经相当严重。在这种两难情况下,陕甘宁边区银行很好地掌握了"发票子"的度:既保证了边区政府的运转、为边区经济发展提供了必要的资金支持,又避免了通货膨胀的失控。当时的边区银行同时是中央银行和商业银行,因而它要承担许多中央银行不承担的微观和结构性职能。但无论如何,陕甘宁边区银行当年的做法对今天中央银行的货币政策依然具有重要参考价值。     

基层政府财政赤字与粘蝇纸效应——论财政拨款在解决县乡财政困难上的失效

由于1994年分税制改革的不完善,近十年来,县乡财政运行困难和财力困境逐步显现并趋于恶化。许多学者主张通过财政拨款来解决基层政府财政困境问题。笔者以为,考虑到粘蝇纸效应的存在,拨款并不一定能够解决该问题,甚至有可能诱导基层政府财政赤字的增加。本文从中国现实情况入手,在考虑县乡财政赤字成因的基础上,对拨款所导致的粘蝇纸效应在解决县乡财政困境中的影响进行了分析,强调要想通过财政拨款来有效解决基层政府财政赤字问题,必须想办法消解导致粘蝇纸效应产生的各种条件。     

我国货币政策影响因素分析——基于VAR模型分析

论文使用2006-2012年月度数据,基于VAR模型对影响我国货币政策的因素进行了协整分析,结果表明:财政赤字、外汇储备、资产价格与M2在长期存在均衡关系,且资产价格变动对于货币供应量的影响为最大;短期内,财政赤字、外汇储备、资产价格受到一个正的冲击,引起M2变动的最大值分别为0.1702%、0.1335%、0.2478%,财政赤字、外汇储备具有正效应,资产价格具有负效应,这三者因素对于我国的货币政策的影响不容忽视,应受到政策制定者的关注。     

地方政府赤字财政下的物价控制与货币政策选择

货币经济学的一个基本观点就是,紧缩的货币政策能够降低通货膨胀,而扩张性的货币政策能够导致通货膨胀。费德斯坦指出,没有充分考虑财政政策的影响,这是货币经济学的严重缺陷。因此,文章结合我国当前的财政政策,探讨了在地方政府赤字财政下,中央银行如何控制和治理通货膨胀。文章认为,在地方政府赤字财政下,如果政府通过银行融资具有优先权的话,紧缩的货币政策不仅不能够控制通货膨胀,反而加速了通货膨胀。     

Monetary Aggregates Targeting,Inflation Targeting and Inflation Stabilization in Ghana

The central bank of Ghana (BoG) has operated monetary aggregates targeting and inflation targeting since the 1980s, to ensure enhanced output growth, low unemployment and stable, low inflation. Under inflation targeting, the inflation rate averaged 13.26 per cent per annum between 2007 and 2015, compared with 29.22 per cent per annum under monetary aggregates targeting. The relatively lower inflation rates notwithstanding, an average inflation rate of 13.2 per cent per annum is far above the medium‐term target of 8 per cent. This paper has examined the effectiveness of monetary aggregates targeting and inflation targeting in keeping inflation at moderate levels. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was applied to the data covering the period 1970–2015. The results show that monetary targeting has steered inflation to moderate levels only in the short run while inflation targeting has maintained low inflation rates in both short run and long run. But neither regime has kept inflation at stable levels and within the target band, due to the sluggish transmission of broad money supply and prime rate changes to inflation. We implore the monetary authorities to strengthen the institutional setup for steering short‐term interest rates in Ghana. They should also enhance the BoG Act 2002 (Act 612), to develop secondary anchors and rules around output, money supply and fiscal deficit. Finally, the monetary policy committee should monetary policy credibility and transparency through strengthening its communication framework.     

中国财政赤字和国债政策的经济增长效应研究

本文通过构建一个VAR模型,选取财政赤字率和国债负债率为财政政策指标,来分析财政政策对经济增长和通货膨胀的影响。实证显示:财政赤字增加短期能够促进经济增长,但长期对经济增长无效,且不会引起通货膨胀;相反,负债率增加虽在短期内对经济增长影响不明显,但长期具有显著负影响,同时会导致通货紧缩。结论表明,国家应对金融危机的积极财政政策短期是有效刺激经济增长的,但是长期是无效的,尤其是通过大量发行国债弥补赤字扩大财政支出的政策,对经济增长有较大的负作用。因此,本文认为目前政府应该给市场更多自由,减少对市场的政策干预。     

基于金融稳定目标的规则型货币政策研究

随着货币政策与金融稳定之间联系的不断深化，中央银行理应在防范金融市场系统性风险中发挥重要的作用。文章首先构建我国金融稳定指数，并将其加入线性货币政策规则，研究结果表明，中央银行在调整名义利率时的确对金融稳定状况有所关注，相比于传统泰勒规则，纳入金融稳定指数的泰勒规则中通胀系数与产出缺口系数均有显著改善，其能够更好地拟合中央银行的实际政策操作。随后，为了进一步考察货币当局对名义利率调整的动态变化特征，文章通过TVP-SV-VAR模型对拓展的时变参数泰勒规则进行了再估计。研究发现，随着经济周期和金融形势的更迭，中央银行也会不断动态调整其政策目标。其中，货币政策对通货膨胀的调控不存在明显的惰性区域，控制通胀始终是中央银行工作的重心。其次，中央银行存在规避经济收缩的偏好，在经济下行时期其对货币政策的调整会向产出缺口倾斜。最后，为了抑制金融机构的过度风险承担，货币当局在本次金融危机之后显著增强了对于金融稳定的关注。     

东南亚应对通货膨胀的经验与启示

面对2007年下半年以来不断恶化的通货膨胀形势,东南亚主要经济体积极运用市场干预政策、财政政策、货币政策等多种政策协调配合应对通货膨胀。短期内,东南亚的通货膨胀取决于国际大宗商品价格能否企稳和其国内政策能否稳定通货膨胀预期;长期内,则取决于社会生产技术发展水平和其企业对上游产品价格上涨的消化吸收能力。东南亚应对通货膨胀的经验与教训值得我们关注。     

货币与财政政策后续效应评估:40次银行危机样本

以20世纪80年代以来40次重要的系统性银行危机为基础,对金融危机后的货币政策和财政政策选择进行实证评价。实证结果表明,"适度扩张"的货币政策和财政政策能产生相对较优的经济效果,应成为金融危机后的主要政策选择,但由于两种政策刺激或稳定经济的效力都集中体现在短期,为避免持续和大规模货币扩张和财政赤字带来的负面影响,一旦危机消退、经济企稳回升,之前作为"反危机工具"出现的扩张性货币和财政政策就应该逐步淡出。     

The expectations management approach to stabilization in Argentina during 1976–1982

The main goals of the economic authorities in Argentina during 1976–1982 were to open the economy to foreign trade and to reduce inflation. The stabilization plan relied first on the control of money and wages, later on a preannounced schedule of a declining future exchange rate—actions that were supposed to be accompanied by a fiscal policy to reduce the public sector deficit.The stabilization plan was abandoned in the first quarter of 1981 for two reasons: an important financial crisis during the second quarter of 1980, and a deterioration of fiscal discipline that could no longer assure coherence between the deficit and the preannouncement schedule. The paper also argues that the political situation in Argentina undermined the credibility of the reforms and particularly the stabilization attempts. With the abandonment of the stabilization schedule, new commercial and exchange rate measures were gradually introduced, reversing the policy of opening the economy to foreign trade. The financial reform was reversed in 1982 with the virtual nationalization of deposits.The experience of Argentina suggests that capital inflows responding to interest rate arbitrage play a fundamental role in the short run dynamics of real exchange rates. They can promote the adjustment, or they can precipitate a run on the foreign exchange market. The lesson is that a stabilization plan based on the preannouncement of future exchange rates is highly risky for an economy like Argentina's.     

Revisiting the Exchange Rate Pass‐Through to Inflation in Africa’s Two Largest Economies: Nigeria and South Africa

This paper revisits the exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) to inflation in Nigeria and South Africa by incorporating structural breaks and using time series variables, namely the consumer price index, nominal effective exchange rate, gross domestic product, and crude oil price. Based on the Maki cointegration test and a flexible estimation approach of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, our empirical evidence suggests that the long‐ and short‐run ERPT to inflation is complete for Nigeria, while for South Africa it is incomplete both in the long run and short run. This result indicates that prices are stickier in South Africa compared to Nigeria. The comparison between Nigeria and South Africa confirms the role of inflation targeting and central bank credibility on the ERPT. The results divulge further that output growth in Nigeria increases inflation in the long run while it is anti‐inflationary in the short run. For South Africa, the effect of output growth is negatively insignificant. In addition, the long‐run effect of oil price is negative and significant for Nigeria, while for South Africa the short‐run effect of oil price is positive and significant. Therefore, the findings of this paper will assist the monetary authorities to achieve monetary policy objectives.     

Will the Sarb always Succeed in Fighting Inflation with Contractionary Policy?

The conventional view is that a monetary policy shock has both supply‐side and demand‐side effects, at least in the short run. Barth and Ramey show that the supply‐side effect of a monetary policy shock may be greater than the demand‐side effect. We argue that it is crucial for monetary authorities to understand whether an increase in expected future inflation is due to supply shocks or demand shocks before applying contractionary policy to forestall inflation. We estimate a standard New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with the cost channel of monetary policy for the South African economy to show that whether the South African Reserve Bank should apply contractionary policy to fight inflation depends critically on the nature of the disturbance. If an increase in expected future inflation is mainly due to supply shocks, the South African Reserve Bank should not apply contractionary policy to fight inflation, as this would lead to a persistent increase in inflation and a greater loss in output. Our estimation results also show that with a moderate level of cost‐channel effect and nominal rigidities, a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with the cost channel of monetary policy is able to mimic the price puzzle produced by an estimated vector autoregressive model.