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1.
The major normative recommendations in the literature on food risk communication can be summarized in the form of seven practical
principles for such communication: (1) Be honest and open. (2) Disclose incentives and conflicts of interest. (3) Take all
available relevant knowledge into consideration. (4) When possible, quantify risks. (5) Describe and explain uncertainties.
(6) Take all the public’s concerns into account. (7) Take the rights of individuals and groups seriously. We show that each
of these proposed principles can be justified both in terms of more fundamental ethical principles and instrumentally in terms
of the communicating agent’s self-interest. The mechanisms of this concordance of justifications are discussed. It is argued
that the concordance is specific for areas such as food risks in which agents such as companies and public authorities are
highly dependent on the public’s trust and confidence. The implications of these findings both for moral philosophy and for
practical food risk communication are discussed. 相似文献
2.
In this paper, we critique the emergent international normative framework of growth – the knowledge economy. We point out
that the standardized character of knowledge economy’s flagship – intellectual property rights (IPRs) – has an adverse impact
on women in emerging economies, such as India. Conversely, this impact on women, a significant consumer segment, has a feedback
effect in terms of market growth. Conceptually, we analyze the consequences of knowledge economy and standardized IPR through
a feminist lens. We extend the analyses by pointing to various contradictions surrounding growth norms; for example, there
are inherent contradictions between established “formal” legalistic interpretation of IPR, “soft law” norms of corporate social
responsibility, a fluid situation of moral claims of human rights, and different institutional capabilities at the international
and domestic level. Consequently, we are able to demonstrate how standard IPR laws fail to deliver equity for all. We argue
our case through exploring the growth aspects of the agricultural sector in India and the adverse impact of standard biopatenting
on women farmers’ rights (as producers and consumers) and preservation of environment. We suggest that desired gendered equity
is better achieved when there is a constellation of actors – private-sector business, the state, and civil-society leaders
– working together to ensure a balanced development through tailoring of IPR to local needs. 相似文献
3.
The moral justification of intellectual property is often called into question when placed in the context of pharmaceutical patents and global health concerns. The theoretical accounts of both John Rawls and Robert Nozick provide an excellent ethical framework from which such questions can be clarified. While Nozick upholds an individuals right to intellectual property, based upon its conformation with Lockean notions of property and Nozicks ideas of just acquisition and transfer, Rawls emphasizes the importance of basic liberties, such as an individuals right to health, superceding such secondary rights as intellectual property rights. From a policy perspective, patent protection for pharmaceutical products necessarily entails the balancing of corporate intellectual property interests and public interests in healthcare. The moral dilemma that occurs when these two interests clash is not easily resolved. Aside from corporate and public interests, the state maintains an interest in creating and preserving policies that regulate the moral dilemma itself. This paper analyzes the economic and ethical factors surrounding the production and distribution of the anti-HIV medication, AZT. Potential policy implications and recommendations are also discussed. 相似文献
4.
This paper examines the philosophical basis for the argument that there is a connection between ethical behavior and profitability.
Both sides of this argument – that good ethics is good business and that bad ethics is bad business – are explored. The possibility
of a moral floor above which ethical behavior is not rewarded is considered, and an economic experiment testing such a proposition
is discussed. Johnson & Johnson suffers a potentially devastating blow when some cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules cause several
deaths. Johnson & Johnson voluntarily pulls Tylenol off the shelf, to universal acclaim. When Tylenol is returned to the marketplace,
its share of the over-the-counter painkiller market becomes greater than it was before the tragedy. Arthur Andersen, the venerable
accounting firm, is caught in the web surrounding the downfall of Enron, Inc. As Enron’s various sins are discovered, it is
found that Arthur Andersen auditors had signed off on flawed audits and had shredded documents to cover themselves. Andersen
is prosecuted for, and convicted of, obstructing justice (although the conviction is later overturned). Today the firm barely
exists and has no resemblance to the Big Five accounting giant of 1999. These stories seem to indicate that ethical (or unethical)
behavior leads to positive (or negative) financial results. But the philosophical arguments underpinning such statements are
seldom subjected to proper analysis. They are perhaps wishful thinking, or perhaps based on examples such as the above without
considering other examples that may reinforce a contrary position. This paper will explore the philosophical arguments and
empirical evidence regarding these statements and state some research questions for exploration in this area. In particular
we will propose the possibility that a moral floor exists above which firms that engage in ethical activities will not reap
rewards, but below which firms that engage in unethical activities will be punished by actors in the economic marketplace.
We will discuss an economic experiment to determine if such actors indeed form a moral floor. 相似文献
5.
Earl W. Spurgin 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,63(2):155-173
In 1987, Machan provided a libertarian case against the right to occupational safety. Since before Machan’s essay appeared,
many business ethicists and legal scholars have given considerable attention to the overall position Machan endorses: the
acceptance of employment at will and the rejection of employee rights. No one yet has given adequate attention, however, to
the fact that Machan’s argument against the right to occupational safety actually stands or falls independently of his overall
position on employee rights. His argument ultimately rests on two values: the promotion of employee interests and anti-paternalism.
Insofar as those who support the right to occupational safety share those values, they must find a strategy for opposing Machan’s
argument that preserves those values. In this paper, I demonstrate why Machan’s argument ultimately rests on the promotion
of employee interests and anti-paternalism. Then, I develop an objection to Machan’s argument that preserves those values. 相似文献
6.
David Geoffrey Holdsworth 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,108(1):37-48
In this essay, my point of departure is Bernard Hodgson’s analysis of neo-classical economic theory and his demonstration
that neo-classical economic thought is already a branch of normative theory. I undertake to broaden the demonstration by showing
that other contemporary conceptions of economics are also irreducibly normative. The essay begins with an overview of Hodgson’s
argument strategy, and a discussion of his thesis that economics is a moral science. This illustrates in what way moral presuppositions are at play as core principles that both positivist and normativist
economics take for granted. My strategy is to show that alternative conceptions of economics, in particular Schumpeterian
accounts of evolution/innovation, and orthodox versions of ecological economics, share with classical and neo-classical economics
normative assumptions about the common good, extending Hodgson’s thesis to one about moral science. For then these assumptions (both moral and scientific) commit economics to unworkable notions of social and environmental optimization that ignore the pure historical contingency
of physical, economic, social and cultural conditions. It is concluded that the relationship between facts and values must
be fundamentally retheorized. 相似文献
7.
Karin Helen Garrety 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,82(1):93-106
This article explores the normative assumptions about the self that are implicitly and explicitly embedded in critiques of
organisational control. Two problematic aspects of control are examined – the capacity of some organisations to produce unquestioning
commitment, and the elicitation of ‹false’ selves. Drawing on the work of Rom Harré, and some examples of organisational-self
processes gone awry, I investigate the dynamics involved and how they violate the normative expectations that we hold regarding
the self, particularly its moral autonomy and authenticity. The article concludes by arguing that, despite post-structuralist
challenges, some notion of a ‹core’ or ‹real’ self still holds salience for employees negotiating their identities within
regimes of control. The assumptions and expectations surrounding this aspect of self are also a pivotal element in the western
intellectual tradition that promotes and enables critique. 相似文献
8.
Gillian Brock 《Journal of Business Ethics》1996,15(6):695-702
In this paper I argue that if we are to have any defensible property rights at all, we must recognize a fundamental commitment to helping those in need. The argument has significant implications for all who claim defensible property rights. In this paper I concentrate on some of the implications this argument has for redefining business obligations. In particular, I show why those who typically would be quite resistant to the idea that businesses have any obligations to assist others in need must acknowledge this fundamental obligation. I also suggest how this argument contributes to our understanding of the normative basis of Stakeholder Theory.
Gillian Brock is a Lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand where she teaches courses in Business Ethics (amongst other courses). She completed her Ph.D. in Philosophy. Her dissertation, On the Moral Importance of Needs, explores the role human needs can play in moral and political theory. Some of her other articles have appeared (or are forthcoming) in journals such as Ethics, Analysis and Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review. 相似文献
9.
Approaches to business ethics can be roughly divided into two streams: ‹codes of behavior’ and ‹forms of subjectification’,
with code-oriented approaches clearly dominating the field. Through an elaboration of poststructuralist approaches to moral
philosophy, this paper questions the emphasis on codes of behaviour and, thus, the conceptions of the moral and responsible
subject that are inherent in rule-based approaches. As a consequence of this critique, the concept of a practice-based ‹ethics
of responsiveness’ in which ethics is never final but rather always ‹to come’, is investigated. In such an approach the ethical
self is understood as being continuously constituted within power/knowledge relations. Following this line, we ask how one
can become a responsible subject while also acknowledging certain limits of full responsibility. We thereby explore responsibility
as a considered but unconditional openness in response to the other. 相似文献
10.
Jukka Varelius 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,85(2):263-275
Whistle-blowing would appear to involve a conflict between employee loyalty and protection of public interest. Several business
ethicists have, however, argued that this conflict is indeed merely apparent. According to the central argument to that effect,
when the nature of employee loyalty is understood correctly, it becomes clear that whistle-blowing does not threaten employees’
loyalty to their employer. This is because blowing the whistle about one’s employer’s wrongdoing and being loyal to them serves
the same goal, the moral good of the employer. In this article, I assess this philosophical argument for the conclusion that
the moral problem of whistle-blowing is not real. I argue that the way of defending the view that whistle-blowing is not morally
problematic is implausible. 相似文献
11.
This paper is a response to Ray's (2004) recent proposal that the intellectual property rights (IPR) attached to potentially life saving/life sustaining innovations should become public goods in cases where markets are either unable or unwilling to pay for the creation of the intellectual property. Using a free market approach to innovation based on Western moral philosophy, we suggest that treating intellectually protected life saving/life sustaining innovations as public goods will likely reduce social welfare over the long term. 相似文献
12.
Business ethicists should examine ethical issues that impinge on the perimeters of their specialized studies (Byrne 2011). This article addresses one peripheral issue that cries out for such consideration: the international resource privilege
(IRP). After explaining briefly what the IRP involves I argue that it is unethical and should not be supported in international
law. My argument is based on others’ findings as to the consequences of current IRP transactions and of their ethically indefensible
historical precedents. In particular I examine arguments from political philosophy for more equitable distribution of resources
and appeals to property rights as a means of achieving this; business ethicists’ critiques of contemporary resource appropriations;
and legal historians’ accounts of despoliation of aboriginal peoples, especially in what is now the United States, involving
acquisition via conquest, asserted jurisdiction, and religious and racial preeminence. I also consider relevant human rights’
standards; supportive views of some theorists, especially early modern realists and current supporters of group rights and
multidimensional rectification; some de facto incidences of substantive restitution; and proposals for effecting further rectification. 相似文献
13.
Florian Wettstein 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,78(1-2):247-263
Neoliberal globalization has not yielded the results it promised; global inequality has risen, poverty and hunger are still
prevailing in large parts of this world. If this devastating situation shall be improved, economists must talk less about
economic growth and more about people’s rights. The use of the language of rights will be key for making the economy work
more in favor of the least advantaged in this world. Not only will it provide us with the vocabulary necessary to reframe
such pressing global problems and to find adequate economic solutions; it will also deliver the basis for deriving according
duties and duty-bearers – the language of rights is congruent with the language of justice and as such it is inevitably and
at the same time the language of obligations. The language of obligations exposes the multinational corporation as one of
the main agents of justice in the global economy. Taking distributive justice as a starting point for reflection, a consistent
derivation of the multinational’s moral obligations must focus on capabilities rather than on causality. This will lead to
a shift from merely passive to active duties and accordingly to a stronger emphasis on the corporation’s contribution to the
realization of positive rights.
Biography: Florian Wettstein is an assistant professor in the Department of Ethics and Business Law at University of St.␣Thomas.
Before that, he taught in the Business and Society Program at York University (Toronto). Also, he was a research associate
at the Institute for Business Ethics at the University St. of Gallen (Switzerland), a visiting scholar at Carroll School of
Management at Boston College, and a research fellow in the Program on Human Rights and Justice at Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (MIT). 相似文献
14.
John Hasnas 《Journal of Business Ethics》2018,150(3):657-670
In his 2007 Ethics article, “Responsibility Incorporated,” Philip Pettit argued that corporations qualify as morally responsible agents because they possess autonomy, normative judgment, and the capacity for self-control. Although there is ongoing debate over whether corporations have these capacities, both proponents and opponents of corporate moral agency appear to agree that Pettit correctly identified the requirements for moral agency. In this article, I do not take issue with either the claim that autonomy, normative judgment, and self-control are the requirements for moral agency or the claim that corporations possess them. I claim that if both of these claims are correct, then corporate moral agency entails that, in a liberal democracy, corporations should have the right to vote. I show that under the conception of democracy supported by most liberal political theorists, all parties subject to the law are entitled to the right to vote, and all parties that possess autonomy, normative judgment, and self-control are subject to the law. Therefore, if the proponents of corporate moral agency are correct, then corporations satisfy the requirements for the right to vote. I then consider potential objections to this argument. I show that the strongest objection to the corporate right to vote is undermined by Pettit’s own argument for corporate autonomy. I then show that objections derived from other arguments for limiting the rights of corporations are equally unavailing. I conclude with some observations about the implications of my argument for the question of corporate speech rights. 相似文献
15.
Shareholders and Social Responsibility 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Brian P. Schaefer 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(2):297-312
The article presents an analysis and critique of Milton Friedman’s argument that the social responsibility of business is
merely to increase its profits. The analysis uncovers a central claim that Friedman implies, but does not explicitly defend,
namely that the shareholders of a corporation have no duty to direct that corporation’s management to exercise social responsibility.
An argument against this claim is then advanced by way of a convergence strategy, whereby multiple influential moral approaches
are shown to align themselves against Friedman. The convergence strategy shows that Friedman’s position lies on the lonely
fringes of Western moral thought, and that at least some of Friedman’s professed adherents appear to offer incoherent moral
views. The convergence strategy is shown to suggest, but not entail, a stakeholder model of the corporation. The article concludes
by considering two objections. 相似文献
16.
Taking multidimensional ethics scale approach, this article describes an empirical survey of top managers’ moral decision-making
patterns and their change from 1994 to 2004 during morally problematic situations in the Finnish context. The survey questionnaire
consisted of four moral dilemmas and a multidimensional scale with six ethical dimensions: justice, deontology, relativism,
utilitarianism, egoism and female ethics. The managers evaluated their decision-making in the problems using the multidimensional
ethics scale. Altogether 880 questionnaires were analysed statistically. It is concluded that relying on the utilitarian principles
is a core ethical evaluation criterion amongst top business managers in Finland. This study proves that managers’ moral decision-making
patterns change over time. According to the results of this research, managers’ moral decision-making became more multidimensional
during the study period. The change is explained by (1) the inclusion of female ethics items in the scale which allows managers
to show more diversity in their decision- making, (2) the change in the Finnish economic context from depression to economic
prosperity and growth during the study period, which is conducive to the spread of post materialist values, such as the importance
of social relations and (3) the increasing public discussion of the importance ethical issues in business. 相似文献
17.
This article describes the academic contributions of the 2010 recipient of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, Professor Josh Lerner of the Harvard Business School. Lerner’s empirical research on the inter-relationship between venture
capital, innovation and entrepreneurship has greatly extended and improved our understanding of one of the major drivers of
growth in modern economies. The first part of this article explains Lerner’s contributions as regards the structure and organization
of the venture capital industry. Later, his most important publications on entrepreneurship, innovation and intellectual property
rights are surveyed. Several aspects of Lerner’s policy-oriented work are then outlined, before the article closes with a
brief conclusion. 相似文献
18.
Andrew West 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(1):15-25
A wide range of decision-making models have been offered to assist in making ethical decisions in the workplace. Those that
are based on normative moral frameworks typically include elements of traditional moral philosophy such as consequentialist
and/or deontological␣ethics. This paper suggests an alternative model drawing on Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialism. Accordingly,
the model focuses on making decisions in full awareness of one’s freedom and responsibility. The steps of the model are intended
to encourage reflection of one’s projects and one’s situation and the possibility of refusing the expectations of others.
A case study involving affirmative action in South Africa is used to demonstrate the workings of the model and a number of
strengths and weaknesses are identified. Despite several weaknesses that can be raised regarding existential ethics, the model’s
success lies in the way that it reframes ethical dilemmas in terms of individual freedom and responsibility, and in its acceptance
and analysis of subjective experiences and personal situations.
Andrew West is a Lecturer in the School of Business and Economics at the South African Campus of Monash University, and a
doctoral candidate at the University of Pretoria. 相似文献
19.
Digitized information and network have made an enormous impact on the music and movie industries. Internet piracy is popular
and has greatly threatened the companies in these industries. This study tests Hunt-Vitell’s ethical decision model and attempts
to understand why and how people share unauthorized music files with others in the peer-to-peer (P2P) network. The norm of
anti-piracy, the ideology of free software, the norm of reciprocity, and the ideology of consumer rights are proposed as four
deontological norms related to using P2P systems. The model is tested using a scenario survey with four alternatives; the
results indicate that the deontological norm of anti-piracy is not a main factor in affecting P2P users’ ethical considerations
regarding sharing files with others. This finding suggests that to protect their property rights, record companies should
try to realize the consumer benefits brought via new digital and network technology, instead of simply declaring their intellectual
property and resisting the innovations resulting from new technologies. 相似文献
20.
区块链(Block Chain)技术的发展为知识产权保护提供了有力武器,在知识产权溯源治理、登记确权、侵权存证、产权交易、知识产权金融等领域提供了新的可能。研究区块链技术在知识产权确权、维权以及溯源治理方面的法律机制,有助于知识产权法律体系的更新迭代,也有助于国家知识产权战略的推进。 相似文献