招投标与合同管理在实践中存在的问题及解决措施

随着时代的发展,越来越多的企业拔地而起,市场竞争越来越激烈。招投标已经成为一种时代主流的竞争方式。同时,为了保证招投标的可行性和安全性,企业将合同管理与招投标结合在一起作为一种新的竞争选拔方式应用到社会竞争当中。但是招投标与合同管理在实践过程中存在许多问题。论文分析了招投标与合同管理在实践中存在的问题,提出了解决措施,以期为招投标与合同管理在今后的实践打下基础。     

Toward an integrative approach to designing service experiences: Lessons learned from the theatre

A critical element in designing a new service and ultimately achieving customer delight and loyalty, particularly for competitive services where the customer–service provider interface is high, deals with the delivery of memorable personal experience. Since many such services rely on attributes of theatre-like performance, this research examines the process by which theatre plays are chosen, designed and developed with the objective of better understanding how performance excellence is realized. Theatre plays were chosen as a basis for study because of their long history of mastering the critical elements of performance staging and the reputation for opening on time at near peak performance levels. Using a case-based, qualitative research approach, the theatre play process is described, implications are extracted and a corresponding management process model is presented. Research and management implications for new service design and service delivery excellence are suggested.     

石油工程投标存在的风险与策略分析

石油工程投标是一项充满风险及竞争的商业活动,如何争取国际机会、在投标中展示自己得到实力、信誉和经验,并且规避或降低来自各方面的风险是竞标过程中要面对的主要问题。本文主要分析了石油工程投标过程中存在的风险,并研究了在竞标过程中所使用的策略。     

建设招投标活动中寻租现象浅析

现代建设招标投标制度由外国引入我国已有二十多年,我国正处在建筑业高速发展时期,寻租现象在工程项目交易中随处可见。本文试从几个方面分析招投标过程中寻租行为发生的原因,并提出相关建议。     

Integrative retail logistics: An exploratory study

Grocery retail companies have gone through a transformational change in the past by heavily investing in distribution centers of their own and by expanding their logistics activities. As a result, many retailers are now in the process of better adjusting their logistics operations to their specific requirements against the backdrop of raising pressure in a highly competitive environment. In this light, we provide an exploratory study based on semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 28 leading European grocery retailers. First we examine the current strategic designs of grocery retailers’ internal logistics networks. Next, we shift our focus to the resulting interdependencies in tactical supply chain planning between instore operations and upstream logistics processes. We have identified five interdependent planning issues: order packaging unit, store delivery pattern, store replenishment lead time, store delivery arrival times and arrival time windows, as well as roll-cage sequencing and loading carriers. Each of these mid-term planning interdependencies is evaluated with regard to implications in the stores, in transportation and in the distribution centers. The mid-term operations planning issues in the grocery retail industry considered in this paper have remained practically unexplored up to now. The outcome of this empirical research study therefore has substantial relevance for future retail research and practice.     

Manufacturing lead time accuracy

This article addresses the question of accuracy of planned lead times (PLTs) that are used with a material requirements planning system. Lead time error is defined as the difference between an item's PLT and the actual lead time (flow time) of an order to replenish the item. Three related topics are discussed: the relationship between system performance and average lead time error, the transient effect on work-in-process (WIP) inventory of increasing PLTs, and the relative accuracy of three methods of determining PLTs. A distinction is made between available and WIP inventory. The former includes any purchased item, fabricated part, assembly, or finished good that is in storage and available for use or delivery. WIP denotes materials associated with open orders on the shop floor.It was concluded that average lead time error has a considerable affect on system performance. PLTs that are on average too long or too short increase available inventory; and the further the average error is from zero, the more pronounced the increase. Contrary to conventional wisdom, increasing PLTs will increase the service level (decrease backorders), unless PLTs are already severely inflated and MPS uncertainty (forecast error) is small. If PLTs are inflated, decreasing them will decrease the number of setups per unit time in the case of considerable demand uncertainty. Contrary to conventional wisdom, increasing PLTs causes only a transient rise WIP inventory.The fact that the average lead time error has a significant effect on the three areas of system effectiveness mentioned above does not imply that a given order's lead time should be managed in a way that forces its actual lead time to match the PLT. Stated another way, the material planner may use the latest information to manage a given order's lead time; however, if the average discrepancy between the actual and planned lead times is large, system performance can be improved by changing the PLTs to approximate the average flow times.Three methods that have been proposed for determining PLTs are compared. They are historical averages of the actual flow times, calculated lead times based on standard times and historical averages of the queuing time at the appropriate work centers, and the QUOAT lead time proposed by Hoyt. The third was found to perform poorly unless the work content of all operations is identical. With one exception, no differences were found between the first two methods. The simpler historical average method was superior to the calculated lead time in the case where the work content of each operation varies and when considerable demand uncertainty exists.The results are based on simulation experiments employing a generalized MRP/Job-Shop stochastic simulation model. The program launches orders based on standard MRP logic, reschedules open orders by moving the due date in or out to coincide with revised need dates, moves manufacturing orders through a job shop, schedules the delivery of purchase orders, and updates inventory levels. The product structure tree contained eight distinct items, with four levels and one end item. There is no reason to believe that the conclusions would be any different had a larger system been studied.     

浅析工程造价的控制与管理在工程建设中的作用

本文主要对工程建设过程中工程造价控制和管理工作对其起到的作用进行了探讨。工程造价的控制和管理对企业具体实施工程建设,包括招标投标、签订合同、具体施工、竣工审核以及工程结算等各个环节都起到很大的指导和控制作用。通过有效地控制和管理工程造价一方面能够帮助企业在具体的施工项目上顺利完成任务,实现企业的利润收益,另一方面从长远来看,有效管理工程造价能够帮助企业在市场竞争中保持优势,提高市场竞争力,对于企业的在市场中健康快速发展起到了很重要的作用。     

The cost of inflated planned lead times in MRP systems

Much of the current literature in the field of production and inventory control systems stresses the need to revise traditional forms of thinking regarding production processes, the role of inventories for work in process, and the need for reduced lead times or flow times. Group technology, manufacturing cells, and other means of incorporating repetitive manufacturing techniques into traditional job-shop settings constitute the leading edge in system development.Still, there is resistance to these dramatic changes, and traditional “business as usual” methods still predominate. This study attempts to illustrate graphically the cost justification associated with reduction in lead times which generally results from these new concepts. In most job shops today, lead times are much longer than they need to be due to inflation of lead time estimates. Actual lead times for the manufacture of fabricated and assembled products have been shown to be a direct consequence of the planning lead times used in the MRP planning process—a form of self-fulfilling prophesy.The research employs a simulation model of a factory using MRP as a planning tool in a multiproduct, multilevel production environment. Manufacturing costs constitute the dependent variable in the experiments, defined as the sum of material costs (including expedite premiums), direct labor costs (including overtime premiums), inventory carrying costs, and overhead costs. The independent variable being manipulated is the planned lead time offset used in the MRP planning process. Twenty values of planned lead time are evaluated ranging from a value that includes no slack time at all (pure assembly line) up to a value that allows 95% slack (queue) time which, unfortunately, is not uncommon in many job shops today. Stochastic variables in the model include customer demand and actual processing times—the sum of set-up and run times.The result of the study is a cost curve formed over the range of independent lead time variables that is constructed using nonlinear regression techniques. The conclusions from the resultant graph clearly indicate the cost consequences of long lead times, with exponential cost increases beyond the 80–90% queue time level. Total costs are 41% higher at the maximum lead time allowance compared to the minimum. Clearly, this study demonstrates the need for lead time reduction, either through downward adjustment of MRP planned lead times or by introducing new manufacturing concepts.     

An optimal multiple stopping approach to infrastructure investment decisions

The energy and material processing industries are traditionally characterized by very large-scale physical capital that is custom-built with long lead times and long lifetimes. However, recent technological advancement in low-cost automation has made possible the parallel operation of large numbers of small-scale and modular production units. Amenable to mass-production, these units can be more rapidly deployed but they are also likely to have a much quicker turnover. Such a paradigm shift motivates the analysis of the combined effect of lead time and lifetime on infrastructure investment decisions. In order to value the underlying real option, we introduce an optimal multiple stopping approach that accounts for operational flexibility, delay induced by lead time, and multiple (finite/infinite) future investment opportunities. We provide an analytical characterization of the firm׳s value function and optimal stopping rule. This leads us to develop an iterative numerical scheme, and examine how the investment decisions depend on lead time and lifetime, as well as other parameters. Furthermore, our model can be used to analyze the critical investment cost that makes small-scale (short lead time, short lifetime) alternatives competitive with traditional large-scale infrastructure.     

Managing product lines that share a common capacity base

This paper examines the difficulties of maintaining competitive delivery times on product lines that share a common capacity base. The analysis is derived from a case study of a manufacturing firm producing finished product and service parts at a single plant. A system dynamics simulation model is used to represent production and ordering policies of the firm and its distribution network. Simulation analysis shows that these policies cause demand volatility for the finished product to be converted into supply volatility of service parts, leading to long parts delivery times and loss of service parts market share. To improve the performance of the service parts business, the production of finished product and parts should be decoupled, so the supply of the two product lines becomes independent. The results are discussed for the general multiproduct-line case. A brief report of implementation results is included.     

施工企业投标报价阶段成本控制探讨

施工企业投标报价阶段的成本控制具有全局性的控制意义,施工企业进行投标报价阶段的成本控制时应遵循全过程控制原则、效率原则、开源与节流原则和预防原则等4个原则,一方面争取报出一个富有竞争力的报价,另一方面争取能够为中标后的项目成本控制创造有利的条件。     

Lead time reduction: the catalyst for world-class results

With the objective of reducing lead times as much as possible, many process improvements can be made. Without the objective of lead time reduction, there can be many confusing objectives without a common thread. This usually results in poor achievement scores on many objectives. To accomplish one major objective, lead time reduction, all other areas will and must be addressed but by a united work force working towards one common goal.     

Multiple and last-minute bidding in competing internet auctions

The present paper proposes a theoretical model of the equilibrium bidding behavior in simultaneous competing private-value Internet auctions such as those on eBay. It shows that last-minute bidding and multiple bidding, two commonly observed bidding strategies, arise in equilibrium. It also suggests that last-minute bidding may lead to inefficient outcomes.     

无标底招标实施的风险及对策研究

目前建筑市场竞争非常激烈,一些发包单位为了减少投资,盲目追求低价中标。基于这种客观情况,目前出现了一种的名叫"无标底"招投标的新式招标实施方案。本文分析了无标底招标的内涵,并通过对无标底招标实施的风险的剖析,提出了应对风险的对策和建议。     

投标报价的策略与技巧分析

在建筑市场竞争日益激烈的情况下,如何运用工程招标投标中的预算和投标报价技巧成为各投标企业投标取胜的关键。下面就工作中的体会,谈谈投标报价的策略与技巧。     

基于演化博弈的工程投标中的围标行为及对策分析

本文分析了工程招投标市场中的围标行为。应用演化博弈方法构建了工程项目投标过程中招投标双方的效用模型,并分析了招投标策略的动态演化过程及影响策略均衡的决定因素,同时,揭示了其演化稳定策略的特征。最后,给出了工程项目招投标规避围标行为的策略选择及改进措施。     

建筑施工企业招投标风险分析与对策研究

社会经济发展给建筑行业带来了前所未有的机遇,同时也有一定的挑战,巨大利益的背后隐藏着更大的风险,想要在激烈的竞争市场独树一帜,就必须要学会识别招标风险,作出预防措施。根据建筑施工企业存在的基本风险,论文进行了简单分析,对招投标风险的预防措施提出了几点意见。     

信息显示在工程招投标制度中的功能分析

重点探讨了招投标制度中由于招投标双方信息不对称而导致的招投标制度难以有效的执行的问题,力图从信息显示方面解释为什么要选择招投标制度,从理论上解释要进行招投标活动的必要,以及如何进行招投标活动主体的保护两方面问题。     

船闸闸室墙体“病理”分析

水工检测手段可以实现对船闸的体检,将船闸闸室墙体存在的病理问题检查出来,保证其正常运转。本文对船闸闸室墙体存在的问题进行了分析,并指出产生此种问题的原因所在,进而提出了相应的解决措施。     

浅谈工程施工投标技巧

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,企业如何提高中标率以及如何在投标中获取最大的利润等都已经成为人们较为关注的重点,其中投标的编制技巧与报价策略都成为投标单位较为关注的热门话题,而投标策略和技巧在中标率较高的施工企业中有着不可忽视的作用。投标技巧主要就是以投标人在投标过程中需要关注的问题为重点。