中国注册会计师协会关于印发《中国注册会计师执业责任鉴定委员会暂行规则》及委员会组成人员名单的通知

会协[2007]101号各省、自治区、直辖市注册会计师协会:为维护社会公众利益,保护注册会计师的合法权益,正确界定注册会计师的执业责任,根据有关法律法规和《中国注册会计师协会章程》等规定,中国注册会计师协会发起设立执业责任鉴定委员会。《中国注册会计师执业责任鉴定委员会暂行规则》和委员会组成人员名单已经中国注册会计师协会第     

税收

会计准则委员会首次聘请港澳咨询专家;注册会计师考试委员会公告08年考试时间;中国注册会计师执业责任鉴定委员会成立;     

短讯二则

▲ 四川省注协秘书长黄友、副秘书长易德鹤带领协会监管部的同志到成都市公安局经济犯罪侦查处二大队和四大队协调有关注册会计师和注册资产评估师在执行业务方面的工作,双方约定今后对于涉及注册会计师和注册资产评估师执业的有关问题将加强相互协调联系。▲ 为提高会计师事务所、资产评估机构抵御风险的能力,四川省注协与中国平安保险公司签订了“执业保险协议”。为保障执业责任保险的顺利开办和正常实施,四川省注协同时还与中国平安财产保险公司共同成立了“执业责任鉴定委员会”,对保险责任进行公正、合理、专业的鉴定。短讯二则…     

浅析注册会计师的民事法律责任

注册会计师是指依法取得注册会计师证书并接受委托,从事审计和会计咨询、会计服务业务的执业人员。在我国,注册会计师不允许以个人名义执业,而是以所在会计师事务所的名义执业,由会计师事务所统一接受委托,承办包括审计业务和会计咨询、会计服务等各项业务。注册会计师的民事法律责任问题,是当今世界大多数国家所关切和忧心的问题。审计业务是注册会计师的主要业务,属于法定业务。注册会计师以审计这一特有的执业方式,对公司的财务数据发表意见,其结果直接影响股价变动或投资决策。当注册会计师对虚假财务报表进行审计并签发了无保留意见时,…     

从民事责任角度看会计师事务所组织形式

我国注册会计师行业存在一个特殊现象:在《注册会计师法》、《公司法》、《证券法》等有关法律以及社会公众的认知上,注册会计师执行业务产生的民事责任不是个人责任,而只是会计师事务所的责任,换句话说,似乎注册会计师不需对其执业行为承担民事责任。这一点与国际惯例中注册会计师执业的民事责任都是个人的责任有所不同。本文认为,有关法律法规应明确规定注册会计师执业的民事责任是个人责任,这才真正有利于我国注册会计师行业的规范与发展。     

注册会计师执业损害赔偿责任研究

所谓注册会计师(以下简称会计师)的执业损害赔偿责任,是指会计师在执业过程中因过错给委托人或第三人造成损失时,由该会计师或其所在的会计师事务所承担的赔偿责任。我国现行立法对该责任的规定主要体现在《会计师法》、《证券法》以及最高法院有关司法解释。与其他国家相比,这些规定尚存在着一定的缺陷,有关会计师责任认定中的一些重要问题,如归责原则、执业过错、责任范围、责任主体等尚未能得到明确的规定,甚至法律条文之间还存在着互相矛盾之处。笔者拟对上述问题进行探讨,以期对该制度的完善有所裨益。一、关于注册会计师执业损害赔偿…     

SD商务大厦资产评估项目

为加强资产评估行业的自律管理,规范资产评估机构和注册资产评估师的执业行为,合理界定执业责任,维护资产评估执业机构、注册资产评估师和相关方的合法权益,中国资产评估协会于2006年成立中评协执业责任鉴定委员会,主要负责对资产评估机构及人员的执业行为、评估报告是否违反执业准则及规范进行鉴定,并提供鉴定意见。中评协执业责任鉴定委员会成立后,重点受理了中纪委、最高人民检察院、有关法院及地方资产评估协会委托的案件。为了让广大读者了解涉及评估问题案件的专业鉴定和论证工作并有所启发,     

注册会计师执业责任鉴定机制的构建

注册会计师执业责任鉴定主体由鉴定委员会和鉴定人共同构成,实行二元鉴定主体制;对鉴定人资格的确认采用职业资格和执业资格双重复合制;鉴定人在实施鉴定过程中,应严格遵守和采用执业责任鉴定的技术标准、操作规范和鉴定程序;而鉴定意见书要被法官所接受并转化为裁定案件的直接证据,必须满足采信机制的一系列基本要件;鉴定主体出具的鉴定意见书如果存在虚假陈述,就应承担相应的法律责任。     

注册会计师执业责任形式与形态探讨

一、注册会计师责任形式的三层结构注册会计师在鉴证活动中,可能产生对他人的影响,并由此产生对自己的影响,可称之为“职业责任”和“执业责任”。从理论上讲,注册会计师的职业责任是与职业社会地位相对应的,注册会计师从事专门职业活动,就     

小议注册会计师审计风险的成因及防范

注册会计师执业行为越来越受到全社会的关注,特别是近年来证券市场上案件频发,注册会计师审计风险日益突显。本文通过从客观环境、主观因素两个方面对审计风险的成因进行分析,进而从改善执业环境与规范注册会计师执业行为两个方面粗略探讨注册会计师审计风险的防范途径。     

论证券民事责任法律制度--以我国《证券法》为基点

证券民事责任法律制度是整个证券法律制度不可或缺的组成部分 ,其建立与完善既有必要又十分重要。本文搭建了证券民事责任的基本框架 ,较为全面地概括了证券民事责任的五个构成要件 ,并且从诉讼与非诉讼的角度对其实现机制分别提出了一些见解。最后 ,本文对证券民事责任法律制度的建立与完善的相关问题进行了反思。     

论刑罚轻缓化与刑事诉讼程序

刑罚轻缓化作为世界刑法发展的潮流,必然会对中国刑法产生深远的影响。这种轻刑化、非刑罚化、非犯罪化的趋势,使传统理论中刑事责任与民事责任的严格区分受到较大的冲击,并且也将会波及到诉讼法领域当中,使所解决实体问题不同的民事诉讼与刑事诉讼程序之间的区别被缩小。而刑事诉讼程序与民事诉讼程序被拉近的结果将是,刑事诉讼程序中会被注入具有民事诉讼特征的制度,最终会使刑事诉讼程序走向更为多元化的状态。     

AUDITOR PREFERENCES FOR LIABILITY LIMITATION

Debate over statutorily limiting auditor civil liability has implicitly assumed auditors are homogeneous in their preferences for capping liability. This study examines the preferences of auditors for limiting auditor liability and investigates reasons for the preferences. The study uses an Australian setting in which there has been a persistent debate for a decade or more over regulatory intervention in this area. The study provides a background to the debate over this issue and addresses the effects of two factors suggested by the extant literature, namely auditor size and the business risk of an auditor's client portfolio. These factors are argued to affect the expected costs of litigation facing auditors and therefore their preferences on capping liability. Using the submissions by audit firms on an Australian Companies and Securities Law Review Committee Discussion Paper on limiting auditor liability, the study finds larger audit firms that have greater capacities to lobby and greater expected costs of litigation from unlimited liability than smaller firms, dominate the respondents on the Paper and tend to be more supportive of liability limitation than smaller audit firms. Within the array of possible methods of capping liability canvassed by the Discussion Paper, the study documents evidence of diversity in preferences among audit firms. Larger audit firm size is associated with a preference for a group of methods that provides such firms with opportunities to benefit from the capping at the expense of the smaller audit firms. The method most preferred by the larger audit firms is the multiple of fee with a prescribed minimum. Perhaps not surprisingly, this is also the preferred method of the professional accounting bodies in Australia. As to the effect of the riskiness of the client portfolio on preferences for methods of limiting liability, the study finds that higher business risk in an auditor's portfolio is associated with a preference for methods that give greater control over their liability exposure. The study has implications for the impact of regulation of capping liability on competition in the audit services market.     

Managerial legal liability coverage and earnings conservatism

This paper examines the effect of managerial legal liability coverage on earnings conservatism. Using directors’ and officers’ (D&O) liability insurance coverage and cash for indemnification as a proxy for managerial legal liability coverage, we find that the higher the managerial liability coverage, which reduces the expected legal liability of managers, the less conservative the firm's earnings. We also find that managerial legal liability coverage has a stronger influence on earnings conservatism in a legal regime with higher litigation risk. Our results are consistent with the threat of litigation conditioning managers to practice conservative accounting.     

公司治理水平、董事高管责任保险与盈余管理

董事高管责任保险在董事和高管遭受民事诉讼时具有“兜底”效应,降低了董事高管的执业风险.选取2002-2014年中国A股上市公司为样本,实证检验董事高管责任保险对公司盈余管理的影响,进一步分析在不同公司治理水平下,董事高管责任保险与公司盈余管理的关系是否存在差异.研究结果表明:董事高管责任保险的引入会加剧公司盈余管理行为;随着公司治理水平提高,董事高管责任保险与公司盈余管理的正相关关系减弱.     

At the interface of the electronic frontier and the law: the international legal environment for systems reliability assurance services

In response to concerns about unreliable information systems, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) have launched a new assurance service called SysTrust. The objective of a SysTrust engagement is for the practitioner to issue an attestation/assurance report on system(s) reliability.The development and deployment of the CPA/CA SysTrust service, however, is done in a high litigation risk environment, especially in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Our purpose is to evaluate the legal environment in these five nations so CAs and CPAs can comprehend the issues involving potential litigation prior to initiating SysTrust engagements. Presently, no legal case in the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom has yet been reported which addresses directly accountant liability to third parties for negligent information system assurance services. An analysis of related legal cases sheds light on the potential liability of SysTrust providers. However, the current international legal environment is characterized by a high level of uncertainty. Several risk management strategies, including risk exposure analysis, client engagement evaluation, engagement letters, loss-limit clauses, and alternative dispute resolution, are presented that SysTrust providers may implement to minimize litigation risk.     

Auditor liability and excess cash holdings: Evidence from audit fees of foreign incorporated firms

Auditors of foreign cross-listed firms face liability arising from the nature of the institutional monitoring framework of legal claims that can potentially be brought against the auditor in both the home country and the US. This paper is the first to document the relationship between auditor liability and auditor pricing of excess cash holdings for foreign firms cross-listed in the US. Our findings indicate that auditors demand a fee premium for foreign incorporated clients with greater excess cash holdings, consistent with auditors recognizing the potential for legal exposure to agency conflict arising from foreign listed US traded clients. Furthermore, we examine aspects of foreign capital market protections, such as disclosure requirements, the strength of legal enforcement, and the strength of shareholder rights to better understand auditor perception of the liability they incur due to the agency costs associated with excess cash holdings. We find that there is a significant positive association between audit fees and excess cash holdings for firms where the country of incorporation permits greater liability of auditors in criminal and civil litigation. In addition, auditors assign higher audit fees to firms holding greater excess cash incorporated in countries with greater required accounting disclosure, stronger legal enforcement and stronger shareholder rights.     

对我国卡特尔民事责任问题的探讨

2007年我国出台了《反垄断法》,成为规制我国卡特尔等垄断行为的基本法律,其中第五十条规定使得卡特尔民事责任有法可依。但是单纯一个条款来规定民事责任显然势单力薄,我国立法采用了援引民法规定来解决民事损害赔偿问题,《反垄断法》在实施上必然存在与其他法律的协调。本文就卡特尔民事责任的作用、性质、承担责任的方式等方面进行思考,认为,卡特尔民事责任体现了反垄断立法上的私力救济,其实质上属于民事侵权责任,主要体现为补偿性的赔偿损失。     

试析网上证券交易侵权责任的归责原则

网上证券交易作为证券交易的一种交易形式,在给证券交易带来便利和快捷的同时,也给相应的立法和司法提出了新的需求和问题。作为网上证券交易发展历史较短的我国,随着网上证券交易的实践逐步增多,其中的民事侵权行为也开始出现,而对网上证券交易侵权责任归责原则的认识是对侵权行为认定的核心,对民事侵权的立法和司法显得尤为重要。本文对我国网上证券交易侵权责任归责原则进行探讨,以期对我国网上证券交易侵权责任的认定、民事侵权制度的完善及我国网上证券交易民事侵权的实践起到积极的推动作用。     

Auditor liability: A comparison of judge and juror verdicts

This research examines differences between judges and jurors in rendering liability judgments in auditor litigation cases. While any number of case contexts would allow us to contrast and compare judges and jurors, we chose one that we believed would also address a second timely issue, auditor reliance or non-reliance upon the work of others. Within the general context of litigation of an alleged audit failure, we manipulated, between-participants, external auditor reliance on the work of others (relied on outsourced work, relied on in-house internal auditors’ work or did not rely). Our results show differences in the liability assessments of judges and jurors. Judges assign more liability to auditors that rely on the work of in-house internal auditors, less liability to auditors that rely on outsourced internal auditors and the least liability to auditors that choose not to rely on the work of internal auditors (but re-perform the work themselves) while jurors assess higher liability regardless of the work done by the auditors. Mediation analyses suggests the differences found in the overall liability assessments of jurors and judges are partially driven by their divergent attitudes towards the public accounting profession with jurors’ unfavorable attitudes leading to them assign liability regardless of the work performed. Further analysis suggests juror insensitivity to our reliance manipulations may reflect a strict liability perspective (consistent with prior work by Charron and Lowe (2008)); while judges consider other factors when making liability assessments.