资本市场管制与企业资本结构北大核心CSSCI

本文在总结和分析中国资本市场制度背景的基础上,探讨了管制对企业资本结构的影响。以2001—2016年上市公司为研究对象,本文发现:(1)公司规模、有形资产比重、成长性、盈利性与资本结构的关系符合信贷市场管制,使得银行偏好低风险的预期,这较权衡理论更能解释中国上市公司的资本结构。(2)权益再融资要求将上市公司划分开来,使得两组公司资本结构具有显著差异,且盈利能力与资本结构的关系在组间也完全相反。(3)高度管制的资本市场制度下,存在资金盈余的公司倾向于保留内部收益;存在资金短缺的企业,其融资选择受到权益再融资要求、货币政策、产业政策和企业性质等制度因素的限制;整体上,上市公司资本结构的调整速度较低,每年只有5.0%。研究结果表明,资本市场管制增加了企业进行外部融资的交易成本,使得有资金剩余的公司具有较强的预防性动机,而存在资金短缺的公司在融资时又受到资本市场制度的影响,选择权有限。因此,基于自由选择融资方式的资本结构研究在中国可能缺少现实基础。     

双重上市与融资约束——来自中国“A+H”双重上市公司的经验证据

香港上市公司回归内地资本市场双重上市,已成为当前中国证券市场发展中令人瞩目的新现象。本文以中国上市公司中身份特殊的A+H双重上市公司为样本,考察双重上市行为对公司融资约束程度所产生的影响,为有关双重上市的内在动因是否出于突破再融资困局考虑的理论假设提供实证证据。研究结果显示,H股公司在返回内地市场前存在严重的融资约束,实现双重上市之后公司投资对现金流的敏感度明显降低,融资约束得以有效放松,公司从外部资本市场再融资的频率和金额都显著增加。这一结论对于中国H股上市公司的所有利益相关方以及证券监管部门的决策都有着重要的参考价值。     

中国上市公司融资偏好的治理分析

在特定的政策环境和不健全的市场环境下,中国上市公司具有强烈的股权融资偏好,存在典型的异常优序融资现象,这种现象使上市公司存在明显的融资负效应;控制人主导是中国上市公司股权融资偏好形成的主要特征,控制人剥夺其他投资者利益是中国上市公司融资行为的主要特点,这已经严重影响到中国证券市场的融资功能;应从强化公司治理入手,以制衡控制人的权力为着眼点,将推进资本市场制度建设作为治理上市公司融资偏好的总体思路。     

非理性市场融资与上市公司治理

现实资本市场的运行表明，投资者与公司经理人都可能存在非理性行为。在中国资本市场股权分割的环境下，非理性的市场行为导致上市公司具有内在的股权融资冲动，损害流通股东的利益，并削弱资本市场的资源配置功能。本文基于市场非理性假设，构建了上市公司融资行为模型，并对由此产生的资本结构如何影响公司治理及其改进提出了一个思路性的框架。     

对上市公司现金流量表进行粗浅分析

在资本市场日益完善的条件下,上市公司的筹资和投资行为也逐渐向多元化发展。无论是上市公司的内部管理当局,还是外部投资者,都逐渐意识到现金流量信息更能反映上市公司的收益质量和现实的支持能力,它既是公司极为重要的、不可替代的理财资源,也是投资者(股东)做出正确决策的信息资源。企业要做出正确的理财决策,保证理财行为的最优化,就必须掌握现金流量表的分析方法和技巧,深刻认识到现金流量形成的规律和内在结构,才能充分发挥其对公司理财的重要作用。本文拟对上市公司现金流量表进行粗浅分析。一、上市公司现金流量的结构分析上市公司…     

非理性状态下的企业投资决策——行为公司金融对非效率投资行为的解释

经典的公司金融理论建立在决策主体完全理性、有效资本市场的假设基础上。隐含地假定企业经理人与市场投资者都是追求效用最大化的理性决策者。但是,越来越多的资本市场异象和公司异常财务行为表明,决策主体的认知偏差及市场的非理性会直接影响决策过程和结果,而这很难被生硬地框入传统的经济理性范畴。现实中,企业经理人与市场投资者的非理性是普遍存在的,而且深刻影响着公司的财务战略决策,如公司融资、投资、股利政策以及收购兼并等。行为公司金融将市场投资者和企业经理人的非理性引入到企业财务行为研究中,对企业非效率投资行为给出了更为符合现实、也更有说服力的解释。     

谈寻租行为与企业内部资本配置效率

为了提高资本效率和市场竞争力,增强资本运营的激励和约束机制,中国石油于1998年进行了重组改制,海外成功上市,建立了集中决策、分级授权管理（股份公司、专业公司和地区公司）和项目管理的投资管理体制.在已有的相关研究文献中,也大多强调外部资本市场对石油企业投资及资本配置效率的影响作用.但在现实中我们却看到,由于在中石油企业内部存在着一个较为广阔的资本市场,在国有股权占绝对优势和市场对其产品需求远大于供给的情况下,其投资及资本配置效率,更多地受到石油企业内部资本市场运作的影响.为此,本文在已有的委托代理理论的基础上,构建了一个双重委托代理模型,引入申请投资成本因素将企业投资数量的决策行为内生化,进而对石油企业内部的资本配置行为进行考察,说明其对资本配置效率的影响.     

基于成长性差异的上市公司投资支出与现金流量的实证研究

公司处于不同的成长阶段,其面临的投资机会与现金流量的需求不同。为减少财务困境成本、避免投资不足,需要充足的现金流量才能支撑公司的健康成长。如果违背公司成长性规律,可能造成投资失误,甚至威胁公司的生存。因此,文章在建构上市公司成长性评价模型的基础上,从成长性视角出发,研究上市公司成长性与投资支出、成长性与现金流量、投资支出与现金流量间的关系,并对不同成长性公司的投资支出与现金流量进行了实证研究。主要研究发现,我国上市公司无论成长性高低,其投资支出与现金流量间呈显著正相关,而且低成长性公司的投资支出与现金流量的敏感性要高于高成长性的公司。     

湖南省上市公司资本结构问题及其优化

本文以湖南的境内上市公司为研究对象,通过对有关方面的调查和对最近有关财务数据的分析与比较,发现湖南省上市公司的资本结构主要表现出资产负债率较低、内部融资比重过低、流动负债比率较高、债券融资比例很低等问题,主要是由于湖南省上市公司存在着严重的“重股轻债”和“重银行贷款轻发行公司债券”的融资偏好、且其整体业绩水平较低、公司规模普遍偏小、我国公司债券市场不发达、股票市场不完善、商业银行风险管理能力普遍较差等原因引起的。因此,本文认为,要通过提高公司的盈利水平,进一步完善股票市场,大力发展公司债券市场,尽力扩大公司规模,加强对经理层的约束和激励等方面来优化湖南上市公司的资本结构。     

资本市场对公司治理的作用机理及若干实证检验

本文从资本市场与公司治理的关系入手研究资本市场对公司治理的作用。资本市场的融资机制，使投资者有权选择投资的对象，从而改善和提高公司的治理结构；资本市场的价格机制，可使出资者了解公司经营信息，降低了股东对管理层的监控信息成本，降低了公司治理的成本；资本市场的并购机制，可以强制性纠正公司治理的低效率。本文还用中国上市公司的实际情况验证了资本市场对公司治理的作用机理及其有效性。     

Risk Allowance in Original Capital Investments*

In engineering economy studies, the total risk capital is often not the original capital investment. If a firm remains profitable in the future, a portion of a completely unsuccessful investment can be recovered (1) through income-tax saving as a result of the depreciation cash flows, and (2) through possible reuse of the idle depreciating facilities.

To allow for income-tax savings, the authors propose that the present worth of the guaranteed depreciation cash flow be discounted at the cost of capital and subtracted from the total initial investment to give a better measure of the risk capital. The operating profit, depreciation-free net income, can then be treated in an appropriate fashion using probabilities or a higher discount rate to account for future uncertainties in forecasting market volume, price, manufacturing costs, etc. The application of this principle has been illustrated through a number of ex amples. The results indicate the value of distinguishing between the depreciation and operational cash flow in evaluating high-risk projects in which the yield criterion is used and in mutually exclusive evaluations in which capital investment and depreciation life vary.

A further reduction in original risk capital investment may be justified if the investment still has alternate use value should the project fail; that is, in addition to the depreciation tax credit from an idle piece of equipment. The application of this principle to a mutually exclusive decision involving a grass roots plant versus a plant located as a part of an integrated facility is illustrated. Interestingly, while most decision-makers tend to be conservative with regard to reducing risk capital, ignoring the reuse potential is inconsistent in this situation as it will tend to favor the investment with the greater risk, i.e., the grass roots location.     

Derivation of Cost of Capital and Equity Rates from Market Data

Use of the discounted cash flow (DCF) technique in investment and appraisal situations depends on readily available and reliable estimates of cost of capital and equity rates. Previous research on estimating equity rates and cost of capital from financial data sources is extremely limited and includes no evidence on the consistency of rates derived from alternative data sources. This paper derives estimates of equity rates and cost of capital from three alternative commonly available data sources. Estimates are derived separately for operating properties and for homebuilder/land developers on both a before- and after-corporate tax basis. The alternative data sources are found to yield consistent and reliable estimates of equity rates and cost of capital. Rates estimated from these sources are sufficiently accurate and reliable for most investment or appraisal applications.     

DETERMINATION OF ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED FOR A PROPOSED INVESTMENT IN NEW MANUFACTURING

This paper discusses a measure for estimating the wealth creation potential of capital investments in manufacturing. The measure, called “Economic Value Added,” has recently become popular in the United States and can be derived from an after-tax analysis of cash flows generated by a capital investment. A proposed investment in manufacturing capacity is analyzed to illustrate the after-tax cash flow calculations required to determine its EVA potential.     

ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF NET PRESENT VALUE AND MARKET VALUE ADDED AS MEASURES OF A PROJECT'S ECONOMIC WORTH

The metric Economic Value Added, or EVA, has recently become quite popular for analyzing company balance sheets, determining executive compensation packages and even project selection. The analysis entails comparing net after-tax operating profit against the allocated cost of capital for a given period. This paper shows, in general, that Market Value Added (MVA), which is the present value of a series of EVA values, is economically equivalent to the traditional NPV measure of worth for evaluating an after-tax cash flow profile of a project if the cost of capital is used for discounting. Additionally, insight is provided into the rationale behind EVA analysis through an interpretation of its capital and income allocation procedure for investment projects.     

ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR FINDING CUMULATIVE PAID CAPITAL AND REMAINING BALANCE FOR A UNIFORM SERIES OF CASH FLOWS

The purpose of this paper is to propose models for finding the cumulative amount of paid capital up to a certain point in time for a discrete uniform series of cash flows, and also the unpaid capital amount of a similar séries of cash flows. An exponential model for finding the present worth for a séries of cash flows that is increasing exponentially is used to find the sum of paid capital. The second model that is used for finding the unpaid capital is developed based on the first model. The major advantages of the first model over the existing models is that it provides a direct tool for finding the cumulative amount of paid capital or unrecovered investment. The proposed models are easy to use since they are independent of finding the amount of the cash flow A. The cumulative paid interest up to a certain point in time can be found by subtracting the total repaid capital from the amount of total paid money up to that point.     

PERPETUITY RATE OF RETURN ANALYSIS

This paper introduces a new method of capital project analysis called the perpetuity rate of return (PRR). As implied by its name, the PRR is found by transforming a project's cash flow stream into a perpetuity and then relating this value to the required investment outlay. The PRR method is essentially a compromise between the NPV and IRR techniques. Like the NPV, the PRR correctly values a project's cashflows by using the market-determined cost of capital as the discount rate; like the IRR, the PRR is a rate of return that is appropriately compared to the cost of capital to determine a project's acceptability. The new yield-based method fares well in comparison with the IRR on a conceptual level and appears to have practical potential.     

MODELLING REGULATORY DISTORTIONS WITH REAL OPTIONS

The introduction of uncertainty can make a significant difference in the valuation of a project. This manifests itself, inter alia, in the regulatory constraints that can affect the valuations of the firm's investment which, in turn has an adverse impact on consumers' welfare. In particular, the inability to exercise any or all of the delay, abandon, start/stop, and time-to-build options has an economic and social cost. With this view in mind, we specify and estimate a model where regulatory constraints impact on the firm's cash flow and on investment valuation with real options methods.

This paper uses real options analysis to address issues of regulation that have not been previously quantified. We show that regulatory constraints on cash flow have an impact on investment valuations in the telecommunications industry. Specifically, a model is developed to estimate the cost of regulation for broadband services. We show that the cash flow constraints and the inability to delay and abandon has a significant cost. Because some costs are not recognized in a static view of the world, this failure to recognize the operation and implications of non-flexibility by regulators (which can be modeled by real options methods) will lead to a reduction in company valuations which in turn will lead to a reduction in economics welfare.     

Fuzzy Decision Analysis for Alternative Selection Using a Fuzzy Annual Worth Criterion

Very often, in industry, discounted cash flow techniques are applied for analyzing and selecting investment alternatives under consideration. These techniques are usually based on the data under certainty or risk. In reality, however, the decision makers are often facing the situation of vague cash flows and discount rates, or even uncertain durations, when evaluating and selecting potential investments. Fuzzy set theory has the capability of capturing vague data and allows mathematical operations. This article proposes a fuzzy equivalent uniform annual worth (fuzzy EUAW) method to assist practitioners in evaluating investment alternatives utilizing the theory of fuzzy sets. Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are used throughout the analysis to represent the uncertain cash flows and discount rates. Further, fuzzy capital recovery factors and fuzzy sinking fund factor are derived. Using these two factors, the fuzzy equivalent annual worth of each investment alternative can be found. By ranking these fuzzy numbers with the integral value, the optimal investment alternative is selected. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the results of the alternative selection.     

融资约束抑或过度投资——中国上市企业投资—现金流敏感度的经验证据

本文以中国上市企业为分析样本,通过检验现金持有量对投资—现金流敏感度的影响,考察企业中的融资约束和代理冲突。结果显示,融资约束与过度投资导致企业投资支出与内部现金流密切相关。民营企业、大规模地方国有企业中存在过度投资,所持有的现金具有明显的壕沟效应、进一步提高投资—现金流敏感度。而中、小规模国有企业面临的融资约束比较突出,为了抵御外部融资约束,持有现金充当对冲工具、降低投资—现金流敏感度。