利率市场化视角下的货币政策风险承担渠道问题研究*

利率市场化进程的深入可能会对我国货币政策传导、金融稳定等产生不可忽视的影响。基于此,本文研究了利率市场化对货币政策风险承担渠道的影响。结果表明：（1）我国存在货币政策风险承担渠道,且从利率市场化间接度量的维度来看,在考虑以直接效应来衡量的贷款利率市场化之后,银行的实际风险承担水平上升;但是在考虑以价格约束效应来衡量的存款利率市场化之后,其效果并不明显。（2）从利率市场化直接度量的方法来看,直接引入虚拟变量的研究发现贷款利率市场化会使得货币政策对银行风险承担水平的影响变得明显;进一步从利率市场化综合度量的维度,引入整体的利率市场化指数的方法则发现,随着利率市场化进程的深入,银行的实际风险承担水平会上升。（3）利率市场化对货币政策风险承担渠道的影响在不同类型银行间存在差异。     

人民币汇率波动对商业银行风险管理的影响

人民币汇率的波动,对经营货币的商业银行来说面临着汇率风险和利率风险的双重考验。在商业银行风险管理中,运用层次分析法对汇率风险和利率风险进行分析,发现在人民币汇率波动的过程中,汇率风险的管理相对利率风险的管理更加重要。     

人民币汇率风险度量研究——基于不同持有期的VaR分析

随着人民币汇率的进一步改革,我国外汇市场的开放程度进一步加大,人民币汇率的波动进一步加强,这些因素都加大了人民币汇率的风险。本文以不同持有期下的人民币汇率风险度量为研究重点,采用先进的汇率波动风险度量VaR工具进行汇率风险管理研究。并结合我国外汇市场的实际情况,运用各种VaR模型对人民币汇率波动风险进行实证研究,主要结论有:我国人民币兑美元市场具备使用VaR模型度量人民币汇率波动风险的前提条件;持有期逐渐增大,人民币兑美元汇率风险也呈逐渐增大趋势,但相对于成熟市场不同持有期之间的变化,我国外汇市场还是有许多需要改善的地方;置信度逐渐增大,人民币兑美元汇率风险呈逐渐增大趋势,不同风险承担主体选择的置信度不同。     

债券利率风险度量方法及其风险防范

利率风险的防范离不开对利率风险的准确度量。目前广泛应用的利率风险的度量方法包括马考勤持续期，修正持续期和凸度等，因此本文首先对这些度量方法的特点进行了分析，然后指出了如何正确应用这些方法进行债券利率风险的度量和防范。在本文的最后，还指出在债券利率风险的度量和防范中很常见的一个误区。     

我国商业银行利率风险测度及防范分析——以招商银行为例

到目前为止,我国利率市场化改革基本完成.在利率市场化进程中,市场利率波动增大,商业银行所面临的利率风险也随之增加.我国由于长期的利率监管,商业银行防范利率风险意识淡薄,利率风险管理能力不足.因此,商业银行必须重视利率风险的测度,并根据度量的利率风险高低采取适合自身的风险管理措施.本文根据利率风险的度量方法,对招商银行的利率风险进行测度与分析,由此提出相应的对策及建议.     

我国商业银行利率风险度量模型的现实选择

随着利率市场化的推进,利率风险上升为银行的主要风险,利率风险管理成为商业银行风险管理的重点.利率风险度量是进行利率风险管理的基础,因此选择合适的利率风险度量模型具有积极意义.本文试从我国商业银行的利率风险状况出发,说明了利率风险管理尤其是利率风险度量的重要性,分析了利率敏感性缺口模型、久期模型和模拟法三类主要的利率风险度量模型及其利弊.最后结合成本收益原则以及我国现实约束条件,推理出我国商业银行短期内应逐步建立起以久期模型为主,利率敏感性缺口模型为辅的利率风险度量管理体系;长期内应大力创造条件,实现以模拟法度量利率风险.     

人民币升值背景下我国商业银行利率风险的管理

2005年汇率制度改革后,人民币持续升值,在一定程度上加大了利率的波动。本文分析了汇率对利率的传导机制,汇率的变动会增大利率的不确定性,利率的变动将增加商业银行的经营风险。我国尚处于利率市场化阶段,通过对商业银行面临的利率风险的计量,看到商业银行对利率风险的认识不充分,相应的利率风险管理机制不健全,风险管理水平低。最后,对中国利率风险管理须做出的改进,进行了探索。     

信贷组合中两组相关性的联合度量研究——违约相关性和信用风险与利率风险相关性

信用风险是商业银行的主要风险,违约相关性是组合信用风险度量中的核心问题。另一方面,在利率市场化深入的进程中,利率风险对商业银行的影响愈加显现。已有实证证据表明,在商业周期的各个阶段,利率风险与信用风险总是呈现负向的相关性。本文的研究认为,应当在统一的框架内对两组相关性——违约相关性和信用风险与利率风险相关性进行联合度量。文章在比较和评述当前度量违约相关性的主流方法——因素模型的基础上,提出了借助于宏观经济计量模型进行联合度量的方法。     

人民币"汇改"、汇率风险与利率关系实证研究

本文以GARCH方法和2002-2009年的数据,对人民币利率与人民币汇率风险、通货膨胀、中美利差的关系进行分析。发现2005年7月汇改之后,人民币汇率风险开始对人民币利率的变化起正向作用,尽管人民币汇率风险对于人民币利率的变化仍不是具有决定性作用的因素。同时发现,无论是在汇改前还是在汇改后,中美利差对于人民币利率的变化都具有显著的影响。     

基于SJC-Copula的商业银行汇率风险的度量及对策分析

自2005年人民币汇率制度改革以来,人民币汇率弹性越来越大,各类金融机构对汇率风险的重视程度也在与日俱增。在此背景下,构建了商业银行汇率风险度量的SJC Copula模型,并以国内商业银行数据进行了实证研究,结果表明商业银行汇率风险的下尾风险较为显著,而上尾相关系数则会因不同的汇率而表现出一定的差异性。基于此,我国商业银行应该加强风险监测,提高风险管理的战略地位,引进汇率风险管理专业人才以及调整银行的币种结构等。     

Exchange rate exposure: Evidence from China

This paper examines exchange rate exposure using a sample of Chinese firms. To measure RMB exchange rate volatility and jump risk, we apply the autoregressive conditional jump intensity (ARJI) model to the industry‐specific nominal effective exchange rate (I‐NEER) for 13 Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2001 to 2017, We find that exchange rate risks do affect firm value at the industry level, and the effect is more significant for the jump risks that are more difficult to hedge and in the sample period when hedge activities are less likely to occur. Our results suggest that the exposure puzzle could be a result of the endogeneity of operative and financial hedging. Firm‐level analysis finds that exchange rate risk affects firm value for more than 20% of Chinese firms, and a firm's exchange rate exposure varies with the firm's characteristics.     

Interest rate and exchange rate exposures of banking institutions in pre-crisis Korea

This study empirically investigates interest rate and exchange rate exposures of banking institutions in pre-crisis Korea. Using the sensitivity of stock returns as a measure of the exposure, it is shown that Korean commercial banks and merchant banking corporations had been significantly exposed to both interest rate and exchange rate risks, and that the subsequent profitability of commercial banks was significantly associated with the degree of pre-crisis exposure. The evidence suggests that, along with the negative exposure of banking institutions, the sharp depreciation of the Korean won and high interest rates at the end of 1997 further deteriorated the banking sector's capital adequacy worsening the financial crisis. The Korean case highlights the importance of upgrading financial supervision and risk management practices as a precondition for successful financial liberalization.     

Exchange Rate Exposure of Sectoral Returns and Volatilities: Further Evidence From Japanese Industrial Sectors

In this paper we argue that the commonly employed exposure coefficient/beta is inadequate for capturing the entire impact of exchange rate changes on firms' future operating cash flows. Instead, we employ the bivariate Glosten–Jagannathan–Runkle generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity mean model to investigate four aspects of exchange rate exposure, including sensitivity of stock returns to exchange rate changes, sensitivity of stock returns to the volatility of exchange rate changes, sensitivity of conditional variance of returns to exchange rate volatility, and the dynamic conditional correlation between returns and exchange rate changes, respectively, using data from 10 industrial sectors in Japan. We find significant evidence of such exchange rate exposure which is not captured by the conventional measure. The diagnostic statistics confirm the adequacy of our model, and, hence, the robustness of the results.     

人民币汇率制度改革:回归有管理的浮动

在人民币汇率制度改革过程中,确定汇率形成机制变革和汇率水平变化的优先次序至关重要。本文认为:机制改革优先,并且在改革过程中始终重视汇率稳定,应当是人民币汇率制度改革的基本战略。回归有管理的浮动汇率制度,是实施这一战略的适当选择。在回归有管理的浮动汇率制的过程中,货币错配构成我们的主要风险。为了有效管理这一风险,中国应保持较高水平的外汇储备,在稳步推行资本项目放松管制过程中加强针对货币错配问题的审慎性监管,实施稳健的宏观经济政策,促进资本市场发展。     

Estimates of foreign exchange risk premia: a pricing kernel approach

The goal of this study is to measure market prices of risk and foreign exchange risk premia. Estimations of minimum variance pricing kernels permit to determine market prices of risk, which, in an international no-arbitrage framework, allow to measure foreign exchange risk premia. Market prices of risk are time-varying and surge during financial turmoils. Foreign exchange risk premia are on average small in comparison to interest rate differentials and exhibit significant variation from the early 1970s onwards, when the Bretton Woods exchange rate system collapsed. At times, foreign exchange risk premia dominate interest rate differentials. We are indebted to Baldev Raj, Robert Kunst, the associate editor of Empirical Economics and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. We also thank seminar participants at the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and Queen Mary University of London. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank or the Eurosystem.     

外资企业财务的汇率风险管理分析

近年来,在人民币升值预期的背景下,中国的外资企业面临着前所未有的汇率风险,因此,企业的汇率风险财务管理就具有了重要的理论价值与现实意义。基于外汇资产与负债的敞口风险管理和金融衍生工具的应用,针对外资企业财务的汇率风险进行了深入分析。结合外资企业的经济业务数据,对汇率风险管理进行了实证检验,并对外资企业如何降低汇率风险损失提出了相关的建议。     

German Exchange Rate Exposure at DAX and Aggregate Levels, International Trade and the Role of Exchange Rate Adjustment Costs

Abstract. This article analyses value changes of German stock market companies in response to movements of the US dollar. The approach followed in this work extends the standard means of measuring exchange rate exposure in several ways, e.g. by using multifactor modelling instead of augmented Capital Asset Pricing Model, application of moving window panel regressions and orthogonalization of overall market risk vis-à-vis currency risk. A further innovation lies in testing the theoretical implications of exchange rate adjustment costs (hedging costs) for firm values and economic exposure. Based on time series and panel data of German Deutsche Aktien Xchange companies, Deutsche Mark/dollar rates and macroeconomic factors, we find a rather unstable, time-variant exposure of German stock market companies. Dollar sensitivity is positively affected by the ratio of exports/gross domestic product (GDP) and negatively affected by imports/GDP. Moreover, as expected from theoretical findings, firm values and exchange rate exposure are significantly reduced by adjustment costs depending on the distance of the exchange rate from the expected long-run mean.     

Overnight exchange rate risk based on multi-quantile and joint-shock CAViaR models

Overnight risk of exchange rate is more and more important because the exchange rate trading time of various countries is inconsistent. Drawing on the multi-quantile CAViaR model for two markets, this study proposes a multi-quantile CAViaR model for three markets and a multi-quantile CAViaR model for joint shock. The two new models are used to measure the impact of the U.S. Dollar index and the Euro on the overnight risk for the exchange rate of the Japanese Yen, Hong Kong Dollar, and Chinese Renminbi. The results show that, first, a lag risk affects the overnight risk of the three exchange rates, of which the Renminbi exchange rate is subject to the largest risk. Second, the U.S. Dollar index and Euro exchange rate risks impact the overnight risk of the three exchange rates and this effect is highest for the overnight risk of the Yen's exchange rate. In addition, the impact of the U.S.Dollar index risk is greater than that of the Euro. Third, the Euro and U.S.Dollar index produce a joint shock on the overnight risk of the three exchange rates, and here, the Yen's exchange rate suffers the biggest shock. Finally, the multi-quantile CAViaR model for joint shock is more accurate than that for three markets, particularly when the Hong Kong Dollar exchange rate has a 5% VaR. These empirical results have meaningful implications for regulatory authorities.     

Multinational corporations and hedging exchange rate exposure

Empirical research measuring multinational corporations' exchange rate exposure is inconclusive. Findings of no significant exposure in some samples and significant exposure in others may be due to offsetting effects for multinational corporations, financial hedging strategies, or simply noisy data. Significant exposure has been found in certain industries and for some smaller firms. This study measures the net exposure to exchange rate changes for a broad cross section of large, US multinational corporations. Using data on financial hedging activity for 276 US multinational corporations, this paper provides evidence that previous findings of no significant exchange rate exposure for this cross section of the economy are likely due in part to the financial hedging activities of these firms.     

新汇率体制下中国上市公司外汇风险暴露研究

本文以沪市180指数样本股作为研究对象,通过测量上市公司经营活动产生的现金流相对贸易加权汇率指数及我国主要贸易伙伴货币汇率变化的敏感度,来考察我国企业的外汇风险暴露问题。研究显示,我国上市公司总体外汇风险暴露程度比较高,公司规模与短期外汇风险成正比关系,外国控股程度的高低对风险暴露则没有明显的影响。