Estimation of an Extended SAM with household production for Spain 1995

This paper implements the conceptual framework sketched by Pyatt (1990) to construct an extended Social Accounting Matrix for Spain in 1995 (ESAM-95) to consider, in addition to the market economy, the production of services provided by households through unpaid work. In doing so, the ESAM-95 integrates the accounts related to market activities (ESA accounts) with non-market activities (non-ESA accounts) in a consistent way. Additional classifications are introduced in both ESA and non-ESA accounts in order to disaggregate the institutional accounts by household type and those of production factors by educational level and gender. The extended SAM is useful to calibrate CGE models in which the distribution of time between paid and unpaid work is a relevant variable.     

Application of International Public Sector Accounting Standards in Vietnam in Current Conditions

The objective of improving the state accounting system is to build a state accounting system based on a single and complete database which is applied uniformly across all public authorities and agencies from central to local. Such an accounting system must ensure a reliable and smooth flow of information among all the entities that take part in the preparation, allocation, execution, and finalization of the state budget. In order to improve the quality of financial information, to harmonize, and to develop accounting profession globally, the trend of international economic integration requires the standardization of accounting legislative framework among countries and first of all, the harmonization and unification of the preparation, presentation, and disclosure of financial information. Financial statements of each business in the private sector and financial statements of the government in the public sector in different countries should be transparent and presented in accordance with the accounting standards and principles and in line with international practices so that the financial information will be able to be compared and evaluated. Therefore, financial statements of each entity in the public sector and the consolidated financial statements of public sector entities issued by the government in different countries must be prepared and presented in a unified form to suit the international public sector accounting standards. Accordingly, with the application of the interview method in research, the main objective of this article is to focus on searching for the bases and consideration for the application of international public sector accounting standards in Vietnam in current conditions. This article consists of eight sections： （1） what are international public sector accounting standards？ （2） accounting entities of the public sector; （3） the limitations of current public sector accounting in Vietnam; （4） financial information to meet the requirements of state management and to comply with international practices; （5） the advantages of applying international public sector accounting standards in Vietnam; （6） the difficulties and challenges of applying international public sector accounting standards in Vietnam; （7） learning experiences from other countries; and （8） conclusion.     

政府会计国际比较:发现与启示

文章首先从会计确认和计量、财务报告、预算报告等方面,比较了盎格鲁-撒克逊国家和欧洲大陆国家的地方政府会计体系,发现国际背景下公共会计系统的主要特征仍然是会计多样性;接着从法律体系、公共部门组织、公共财务报告的特定目标、会计职业界的兴趣和构成等方面分析了会计多样性的原因和本质;最后,基于我国公共管理领域改革的现状,就如何建立并完善我国的公共部门会计体系提出建议。     

Informal Sector and Manufacturing Location: In Search of the Missing Links

Abstract

Although the informal sector is very large and unevenly distributed within developing countries, its relative size and location have not been investigated from the perspective of location models. This paper builds a modified Core–Periphery model where formal and informal firms compete in consumer markets. The model suggests that in a peripheral region, where informal goods constitute a competitive alternative to formal goods, a larger critical mass of workers is needed for the formal sector to become profitable. Informal sector competitiveness, however, also increases formal firms' sensitivity to home market effects. Thus, indirectly, a competitive informal sector can foster formal manufacturing agglomeration.

RÉSUMÉ Bien que le secteur informel soit très étendu et distribué de façon irrégulière dans les pays en voie de développement, son envergure et sa distribution relatives n'ont fait l'objet d'aucune étude sur le plan de modèles de localisation. La présente communication crée un modèle « centre–périphérie » modifié, dans lequel des entreprises officielles et non officielles rivalisent sur des marchés de consommation. D'après ce modèle, dans une zone périphérique où les produits informels constituent une alternative à des produits officiels, une masse critique de travailleurs plus importante est nécessaire afin que le secteur officiel devienne rentable. Toutefois, la compétitivité du secteur informel accro??t également la sensibilité des entreprises officielles à des effets sur le marché interne. En conséquence, un secteur informel compétitif peut, indirectement, encourager une agglomération de fabrication officielle.

EXTRACTO Aunque el sector informal es muy amplio y está irregularmente distribuido dentro de los países en desarrollo, su tamaño relativo y localización no se han investigado desde la perspectiva de modelos de localización. Este estudio construye un modelo modificado de centro–periferia donde empresas formales e informales compiten en mercados de consumo. El modelo sugiere que, en una región periférica donde las mercancías informales constituyen una alternativa competitiva a las mercancías formales, el sector formal necesita una mayor masa crítica de trabajadores para ser rentable. No obstante, la competitividad del sector informal también aumenta la sensibilidad de las empresas formales a los efectos del mercado doméstico. Por lo tanto, indirectamente, un sector informal competitivo puede fomentar la aglomeración de la industria manufacturera formal.

     

中外所得税会计的比较分析

本文主要就我国《企业会计准则第18号-所得税》(CAS18)与《国际会计准则12-所得税》(IAS12)和《美国会计准则109-所得税》(FAS109),在制定目标、定义、会计处理方法、确认、计量、列报和披露等方面的异同等进行了比较,同时对《企业会计准则第18号-所得税》在会计处理方法选择和亏损弥补相关递延所得税资产确认方面提出建议。     

中国需要社会责任会计

企业社会责任会计是通过计量和报告企业履行社会责任情况,去影响企业的经营行为,以达到企业经济效益和社会效益的统一。建立社会责任会计是协调企业经营目标与社会目标的重要手段。     

Assessing National Resource Claims and Welfare Contributions—A Search for a Rational Consensus

Macro-economic aggregates carrying the same labels in different countries (GNP, investment, defence expenditure, etc.), even when uniformly defined, are inevitably measured in different units (dollars, pounds, francs, etc.) and price systems, which makes it difficult, if not impossible, to appraise their relative size. Can we find a way to make them commensurable, in a manner that will enable us to make valid comparisons across national boundaries and economic systems, without arbitrariness or bias between one country and another? This paper suggests a possible method of doing so, based on a stylized consensus of countries making their own assessment, considering only their own welfare implications, without regard to those of their rivals or peers. These assessments are first estimated, and a consensus is then postulated based on conditions of consistency and rationality. This results in a unique set of correction coefficients for conventional prices, to be known as consensual ratings, or ‘co-ratings’ for short. The co-ratings are algebraically defined to be computable from conventional input–output tables supplemented by the import-export networks linking the various countries.     

经济后果观对我国会计准则制定的启示

会计准则的经济后果观,要求人们不再把会计准则看成是单纯的技术性规范,而应认识到准则的实施将产生的经济影响,在准则的制定过程中应充分考虑这些影响。文章阐述了会计准则经济后果观的涵义及其与技术观的区别,并在此基础上指出了经济后果观对我国会计准则制定的启示。     

OPEN OCCUPATIONS – WHY WORK SHOULD BE FREE

The benefits of openness are widely apparent everywhere except, seemingly, in occupations. Yet the case against occupational licensing still remains strong. Consideration of dynamic costs strengthens the case further.