Bootstrapped Malmquist indices of Australian airports

This study uses the Malmquist bootstrapped methodology to assess the extent of productivity, efficiency, scale and technological changes at the major Australian airports. The analysis focuses on the post-privatisation period of Australian airports, using panel data on three outputs and three inputs. Results show that most Australian airports have experienced significant total factor productivity increase between 2002 and 2007, while few airports have recorded productivity and efficiency decline over the same period. Using a bootstrapped second-stage regression, the results also highlight the direct impact of environmental factors such as market share and airport hub on the productivity variations between airports. Other potentially affecting factors are: privatisation, oil price increase and price regulation.     

Productivity changes in Taiwanese hospitals and the national health insurance

In 1995 Taiwan launched the National Health Insurance (NHI) programme, which changed the method payment for hospital finances. This article examines the impact of this financial reform on hospital productivity during this period. Using the Malmquist productivity index approach, a hospital's change in productivity is decomposed into quality, efficiency, and technological change components. Factors affecting efficiency and productivity are also assessed. Results indicate that most hospitals experienced a significant productivity slowdown due to declines in technology and quality of service, but efficiency did significantly improve. The inception of the NHI programme does greatly improve a hospital's productivity and quality of service, but decreases efficiency. Public hospitals' efficiency improvements are significant.     

外商直接投资、国际贸易与中国生产率增长研究——基于非参数Malmquist指数的经验分析

本文以1986-2003年的省级面板数据为样本,采用基于非参数的Malmquist生产率指数来度量中国全要素生产率的变化,分析了外商直接投资和国际贸易对中国生产率增长的影响。研究表明,外商直接投资和国际贸易显著地促进了中国生产率的增长,其对生产率增长的促进作用主要通过与人力资本相结合来实现;同时,其对中国生产率的促进作用主要体现在促进了技术的进步,而对技术效率的改善作用不明显。另外,本文还发现在1986-2003年间中国省级生产率增长和技术进步存在显著的收敛趋势。     

中国电力产业效率和生产率变动的实证研究

本文采用中国电力产业1996-2003年间省际的面板数据,用DEA和Malmquist生产率指数方法考察了中国电力产业在市场化改革期间的效率和生产率变动,研究结果发现:各省电力企业纯技术效率相差较小,其效率差别主要表现在规模效率上的差别;电力产业存在规模经济性,企业的规模与规模效率具有显著的正相关关系,规模无效率的企业实际规模过小;在考察期间中国电力产业的全要素生产率以年均2.1%的速度增长,这主要得益于技术进步,而效率总体上并没有提高,表现为X无效率。这表明我国电力产业的市场化改革并未提高企业的效率。     

Liberalisation,privatisation and the productivity of Egyptian banks: a non-parametric approach

This paper evaluates the performance of Egyptian banks during a period characterised by changes in economic policies. The Egyptian government's liberalisation policies in the early 1990s have had a positive or negative impact on the performance of the Egyptian banks. In addition, whether the liberalisation impact has influenced different forms of banks' ownership and sizes with consistent magnitude is examined. Another objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the privatisation process at the end of 1995 on the efficiency and productivity performance of the overall banking sector and on joint-venture banks in particular. The data envelopment analysis Malmquist methodology is employed to estimate the productivity of Egyptian banks.     

Assessing productivity in the presence of negative data and undesirable outputs

Few studies address the presence of negative data and undesirable outputs in productivity assessment. This study proposes a range-adjusted measure model that uses a non-radial Malmquist productivity index to estimate dynamic productivity in the presence of negative data and undesirable outputs. Banking-industry data are used to demonstrate the proposed model. The results show that during the 2007–2009 global financial crises, bank productivity deteriorated, mainly because of technical changes, and smaller banks suffered smaller financial losses. Finally, a decision making matrix based on the analysis results is presented to show the implications of the proposed method.     

中国旅游上市公司全要素生产率动态测度——基于Malmquist指数方法

旅游上市公司是旅游业内的龙头企业,其经营效率的提升是促进旅游业进一步发展的关键,这也正是本文关注的重点。本文选择2004~2008年国内19家旅游上市公司的面板数据,运用Malmquist指数方法进行计算分析,得出在样本期内平均全要素生产率是上升的,且全要素生产率的增长源于效率提升和技术进步的结论,并根据技术效率变动和技术进步变动的水平将19家公司分为5个类别,相应提出针对性的效率提升方向。     

研发国际化对发展中东道国的挤出效应——基于中国工业行业面板数据研究

基于2003—2010年中国工业行业的面板数据,采用Malmquist生产率指数法研究工业行业的技术效率与技术进步,并用研发国际化等因素对这些指数作实证分析,结果表明:跨国公司的研发投入提高了东道国的技术水平,却降低了东道国的技术效率;东道国的自主研发投入并没有提高技术水平,但对技术效率的提高是有利的,从而对全要素生产率表现为正向作用。总体来看,跨国公司研发挤出了东道国公司的研发资源,对东道国的研发是一种逆向溢出。     

Assessing the Impact of Changing Economic Environment on Productivity Growth: The Case of the Spanish Dairy Processing Industry

This article analyzes the productivity growth of the Spanish dairy processing industry from 1996 till 2011, which concerns the period of increased EU regulation regarding food safety as well as economic crisis. Data envelopment analysis is used to compute the Malmquist index and its components. The results suggest that productivity on average declined during the period under investigation. The decomposition of the Malmquist index finds that technical regress contributed to productivity decline despite improvements in technical and scale efficiencies. Our results also suggest that food safety regulations did not have a negative impact on productivity growth. Technical change and scale efficiency change made significant negative contributions to productivity growth in the period under crisis, whereas firms significantly improved their technical efficiency in that period.     

Efficiency and capital adequacy in Taiwan banking: BCC and super-DEA estimation

In this study the researchers adopt two DEA methods – Banker-Charnes-Cooper and Super Efficiency – to investigate whether a bank's technical efficiency is significantly different when capital adequacy (risk) is specified compared with when capital adequacy (risk) is not specified. The information is obtained from 46 Taiwanese banks for the period 2000 to 2002. The Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index is employed to measure the impact of productivity change on the panel data. The empirical results from the DEA approach are summarized as follows: (1) Capital adequacy is proven to be an influential factor in evaluating the efficiency of banks. (2) The average efficiency scores of banks with high capital adequacy (>8%) are significantly higher than those of banks with lower capital adequacy (<8%). (3) The efficiency scores of banks with high risk capital requirement (above the average) are higher than those of banks with lower risk capital requirement (under the average). (4) Banks with both high capital adequacy and high risk capital requirement are superior in performance than all the other banks, while banks with both low capital adequacy and low-risk capital requirement performance are the worst by contrast. (5) Based on the Malmquist total TFP index, we find that bank productivity has not increased.     

An assessment of operational efficiency of retail firms in China

This study aims to assess operational efficiency of retail firms in China. Economic efficiencies of 61 retailers working in China between 2000 and 2003 are examined in this study using three related methodologies: data envelopment analysis (DEA), Malmquist productivity index (MPI), and a bootstrapped Tobit regression model. DEA analysis shows that only seven retail firms are considered as efficient under CRS assumption in 2002, and four firms in 2003. MPI results indicate that about 37.7 percent (23 out of 61) of retail firms have registered progress in terms of MPI during 2000 and 2003. Results of the bootstrapped Tobit analysis show that retail characteristic plays a significant role influencing retail efficiency.     

Sources of TFP growth in the Malaysian Islamic banking sector

This paper attempts to empirically analyse productivity changes of the Malaysian Islamic banking sector during the period of 2001–2004 by applying the non-parametric Malmquist productivity index method. During the period of study, the empirical findings suggest that the Malaysian Islamic banking sector has exhibited productivity progress during the earlier years before declining during the latter years. The results suggest that foreign banks have exhibited higher productivity levels compared with their domestic counterparts during the earlier years, while the domestic banks’ productivity levels were relatively higher compared with the foreign banks during the latter years.     

Capacity inefficiencies of teaching and non-teaching hospitals

This paper investigates capacity-based inefficiency causes and the existence of any differences between the improvement processes of teaching and non-teaching hospitals. In an effort to comparatively evaluate the inefficiency causes of hospitals in Turkey, this study uses data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA can simultaneously assess the relationship between capacity (physical capacity and medical labor capacity) as inputs and the utilization of capacity (utilization of institution capacity for patients, utilization of physical capacity, and utilization of technological capacity) as outputs. In addition, the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) is used to analyze the patterns of efficiency change for the study years from 2001 to 2007. Several improvement suggestions have been provided to health care policy makers regarding inefficiency causes and ways of optimizing hospital efficiency.     

技术效率、技术进步与中国流通业生产率增长

文章运用基于数据包络分析的Malmquist指数方法测算了中国流通业全要素生产率增长状况,并将其分解为技术效率变化和技术进步.研究表明,1993-2008年中国流通业全要素生产率的平均增长率为0.6%,其中技术效率改善0.4%,技术进步率为0.2%,不同时期生产率增长的特点存在一定差异.同时,东、中、西部地区之间和地区内部全要素生产率的增长率也存在显著差异.全要素生产率对流通业的作用还有待进一步提高.     

Total Factor Productivity in the Turkish Insurance Industry

This paper employs the Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index to examine the total factor productivity change in the life and non‐life branches of the Turkish insurance sector for the period 2000–2005. The Malmquist productivity index is decomposed into two components: the efficiency change component and the technical change component. The results indicate a decrease of 19.4 % in total factor productivity in the life insurance sector and an increase of 6.1% in the non‐life insurance sector during the sample period. Significant TFP growth in the non‐life insurance sector has occurred during 2003–2005. This growth is seen to be mainly due to the change in production technology. The firms are then split into two groups, domestic and foreign firms, according to their ownership composition. The results indicate a decline in total factor productivity for both groups in the life insurance sector whereas in the non‐life insurance sector, an increase in the total factor productivity of domestic firms is observed.     

要素抑或效率驱动——来自江苏省市县经济增长的证据

文章采用基于DEA的Malmquist指数法对2008—2016年江苏省54个市县的工业全要素生产率进行测算,并计算全要素生产率(TFP)对工业经济的贡献率,判断是要素抑或效率驱动经济增长。研究发现,江苏省平均效率贡献率仅为-6.3%,效率的驱动作用因地区而言,整体上发展不充分。苏南属于效率驱动型,而苏中、苏北属于要素驱动型。江苏日后应着力于技术开发和应用推广,提高技术进步和技术效率水平,逐渐实现从要素驱动转变为效率驱动的发展模式。     

The Origin of Chief Executive Officers and Performance in Hybrid Businesses: The Case of Microfinance

This study examines the relationship between the origin of chief executive officers (CEOs) and performance in hybrid businesses using a sample of 353 microfinance institutions (MFIs) from 76 countries during 1996–2011. The statistical results suggest that MFIs whose CEOs have been recruited internally perform better compared to institutions with externally hired CEOs. The findings are consistent with the view that insider CEOs have firm‐specific skills, experience, and network resources that result in enhanced performance in hybrid businesses. Therefore, boards of MFIs searching for a new CEO should look for suitable internal candidates.     

The Performance Impact of Informal and Formal Institutional Differences in Cross-Border Alliances

This study addresses the simultaneous and diverse effects of differences in informal and formal institutions on cross-border alliances’ financial performance. We utilize data from 405 microfinance institutions (MFIs), based in 74 developing countries, that have alliances with partners from developed countries. We find that the impact of informal institutional differences between MFIs and their cross-border partners is sigmoid-shaped, with performance first increasing, then declining, before improving again as informal institutional differences grow large. By contrast, formal institutional differences appear to be detrimental to MFIs’ performance. Consistent with our prediction, we find that MFIs’ cross-border experience moderates both formal and informal institutional effects.     

The influence of the CEO’s business education on the performance of hybrid organizations: the case of the global microfinance industry

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are typical examples of hybrid organisations, meaning organisations pursuing both a financial and social logic. This study examines the question of whether financial and social performance improves when an MFI’s chief executive officer (CEO) has a business education. We apply the random effects instrumental variable regression method to examine the influence of the CEO’s business education on the MFI’s financial and social performance. Our panel dataset that includes 353 MFIs from across the globe indicates that ‘only’ 55% of the MFIs have a CEO with a business education. The empirical results indicate that MFIs with CEOs who have a business education perform significantly better, financially and socially, than MFIs managed by CEOs with other types of educational backgrounds. The findings suggest that CEOs with a business education seem better at managing the much-debated tradeoff between providing small loans and producing healthy financial results.     

Microfinance,the long tail and mission drift

Poor people were excluded from financial services until microfinance institutions (MFIs) emerged. The mission of MFIs is to alleviate poverty, contributing to women empowerment, especially in rural communities. Microcredits can be analyzed under Pareto's 80/20 Principle. Their clients are situated in the long tail of the wealth distribution function. This niche market is not very attractive, because of its high administrative costs, lack of deposits and the need for compensating low revenues with fluctuating subsidies. Some MFIs have drifted from their mission. This paper presents a model to explain microfinance mission drift, tested with hypotheses. The results from the empirical study show a pattern of mission centered MFI: a small NGO, with labor productivity, receiving donations and obtaining a high yield. It can be concluded that there is a need for reducing interest rates. According to the long tail theory, this could be done by using efficient technology, as it has been achieved in the e-commerce sector.