农村居民污染治理意愿研究——以温州市平阳县鳌江流域为例

在污染治理过程中，居民参与污染治理一直以来部备受关注。本文针对这一问题，运用条件价值评估法．通过问卷调查形式，对鳌江流域水污染治理的居民意愿进行实证分析．对污染治理的支付意愿进行价值评估，平确定当地的支付意愿影响因素。     

Public distrust and valuation biases: Identification and calibration with contingent valuation studies of two air quality improvement programs in China

Economic valuation can be biased by public distrust in local institutions when those institutions are involved in the valuation scenario design, which is often the case for contingent valuation (CV) studies. To better identify and to calibrate the potential biases, we conduct two CV surveys on people's willingness to pay (WTP) for the implementation of new air quality improvement programs at the municipality level in China. A joint selection modeling strategy is developed and employed to identify the potential biases in WTP estimations caused by people's ex-ante distrust in local institutions. The results show the various channels through which the distrust in local institutions affects people's WTP between two cities. For one city, the distrust in local institutions significantly increases the probability of one protesting the new program, which results in an underestimation of WTP by 16%. For the other city, the distrust in local institutions leads to a lower estimation of WTP by 26%, mostly via the determination function.     

舟行亚马逊河

亚马逊河的长度仅次于尼罗河，是世界第二大河。但却是世界上流量最大、流域面积最广的河流。她沉积下的肥沃淤泥滋养着广袤的土地，所流经的亚马逊平原也是世界上面积最大的平原，著名的亚马逊热带雨林就生长在亚马逊河流域。     

What drives spatial clusters of entrepreneurship in China? Evidence from economic census data

Since Chinese government initiated economic reform in the late 1970s, entrepreneurship and private sectors have emerged gradually and played an increasingly important role in promoting economic growth. However, entrepreneurship is distributed unevenly in China. Using micro data from 2008 economic census and 2005 population census, this paper explains spatial clusters of entrepreneurship for both manufacturing and services. For both sectors, entrepreneurship (measured by new private firms) tends to emerge in places with more relevant upstream and downstream firms. Moreover, Chinitz's (1961) theories are also supported for manufacturing: small upstream and downstream firms seem to be more important for manufacturing entrepreneurship. For both sectors, entrepreneurship is positively related to city size, the share of young adults and the elderly population, and foreign direct investment. More migrants are also found to promote service entrepreneurship. Our paper is the first to consider both manufacturing and service entrepreneurship in China and should be of interest to both local and national policymakers who plan to encourage entrepreneurship.     

构建西江流域产业生态网络模式

西江流域是南中国一条重要的内河流域,具有自然资源丰富、生态环境优美、产业基础扎实以及经济互补性强的天然特征,是发展流域经济的绝佳地段。然而,至今为止西江流域尚未形成规划统一、优势互补、资源共享的产业经济带,流域沿线的省份和城市经济发展不平衡、后劲不足的问题日益凸显,共筑西江产业带日渐引起学术界和官方的重视。文章以产业生态网络基本理论为基础,结合西江流域上、中、下游的资源禀赋、产业集群特征,探究集群之间的网络共生关系,尝试构建西江流域产业生态网络模式并提出其实现机制。     

城市物流:理论与政策若干思考

在我国城市化水平进入快速发展阶段的背景下,本文运用外部性理论和交易成本理论,提出了城市物流是降低物流外部不经济性、降低物流交易成本的有效途径,在此基础上提出了城市物流的概念、结构体系,就建设城市物流体系在战略、规划、运营、资金、制度、技术等方面的保障,提出了政策建议。     

渭河流域水环境问题辨识

渭河水环境问题日益突出,已经成为区域经济社会可持续发展的制约因素.通过对渭河流域水环境存在的问题和主要原因进行综合分析,得出渭河流域主要存在着水沙异源,产量不均衡;水资源严重短缺,利用方式粗放;水质污染严重,以及流域生态环境格局差异巨大等主要的环境问题.通过对渭河流域存在的水环境问题进行识别与辨识,为在渭河流域开展水资源综合治理,实现对流域自然资源的持续利用与管理提供参考.     

Profit-enhancing competitive pressure in vertically related industries

Under a simple Cournot model with vertical relations, when downstream firms engage in process R&D, the profits of input suppliers for which upstream competition exists may be larger than those in which each input supplier has a bilateral monopoly relation with its buyer (downstream firm). This is because upstream competition leads to higher levels of investment by the downstream firms. Furthermore, we incorporate the decisions of downstream firms to acquire the ability to procure input from potential outside suppliers, which has the effect of placing competitive pressure on existing input suppliers. We show that no downstream firm acquires such an ability to procure its input from potential outside suppliers in some cases although the acquisition could benefit the input suppliers.     

泛珠三角区域内流域水资源保护法律问题研究

文章先对泛珠三角区域合作进行了简要阐述;其次指出泛珠三角区域内水资源保护既有一般流域资源保护的特点,也有自身流域水资源不合理使用的特点,在水资源使用和保护方面目前只重视区域保护而忽视了流域保护;第三,分析了我国目前水资源保护法律现状,指出问题并阐述了流域水资源保护的必要性;第四,在此基础上论述了如何对流域水资源进行保护的措施,提出了在泛珠三角区域合作中可以设置统一的流域水资源保护机构,制定流域水资源保护办法,创建完善的流域水资源保护体系;最后,文章指出,泛珠三角区域内流域水资源保护应该和相毗邻的海域水环境保护相结合,以便保护一个完整的水资源循环生态系统。     

钱塘江流域水质性水短缺与水安全战略研究——基于灰色水足迹核算分析

水质性水短缺是钱塘江流域21世纪可持续发展面临的最大挑战,灰色水足迹为水质性水短缺提供分析思路。研究表明,钱塘江沿江四大城市2012年灰色水足迹为1326.47×108m3,是当年水资源总量的2.13倍;工业污染是灰色水足迹的主要来源,其平均贡献率为78%;累积灰色水足迹是钱塘江水质性水短缺的直接原因。应从水资源管理战略、水环境生态补偿、健全环境管制以及管理模式四大方面应对水安全问题。     

Upstream privatization and downstream licensing

This study attempts to investigate the impact of downstream foreign licensing on upstream privatization policy in a vertically related market, in which a public firm and a domestic private firm supply exclusively to downstream domestic and foreign firms, respectively. We show that downstream licensing occurs when the cost differential between downstream duopolists is small, and the optimal strategy under licensing is upstream partial privatization. In addition, downstream foreign licensing facilitates upstream privatization. We further show that downstream licensing improves (reduces) local welfare when the cost differential is large (small).     

长江流域雨水资源利用研究

长江流域水资源虽然与西北和华北地区比较相对丰富,但部分地区也时常干旱缺水.长江流域多年平均降水深1 067mm,平均地表水深526mm,径流系数约0.5,雨水利用潜力巨大.根据我国缺水现状和历史经验,分析了长江流域降雨特性和雨水利用潜力、雨水利用方式及与径流的关系;并对如何估算和应用雨水资源进行了探讨.     

产业价值链视角的纵向研究联合体研发模式研究——以上汽集团与通用(中国)纵向研究联合体为例

价值链不仅存在于企业内部,还存在于企业与企业之间。基于产业价值链的视角,文章主张在上下游企业间建立纵向研究联合体(RJVs),整合松散的研发资源。通过构建博弈模型,分析了上游企业不进行产品研发、上游企业独立研发和建立纵向研究联合体合作研发三种情形下的上下游企业得益情况,指出边际成本下降程度、参与合作的下游企业数量是影响参加研究联合体企业利润的重要因素,从而阐释了下游企业参与纵向研究联合体的内在动机。最后,文章以上汽集团和通用(中国)纵向研究联合体研发联姻的PATAC为例,进行了实证研究。     

上下游企业相似商品的最优反倾销税率模型

作为政府的重要决策,反倾销税率一直被学术界广泛研究。文章基于两国存在上下游企业相似商品贸易的假设,建立了在完全信息静态博弈下的反倾销税率定价优化模型。通过Cournot-Nash均衡以及逆向归纳法,发现了优化的反倾销税率与市场的容量,商品相关性以及国外上下游企业的边际成本这四个因素有关,但与本国上下游企业的边际成本无关。从而得出在成本变动或者市场容量变动的情况下,政府应如何制定反倾销税率来保证本国社会福利最大化。     

集体建设用地流转及其收益分配机制

以马克思地租理论和外部性理论研究集体建设用地流转的收益分配表明:国家应对征用集体的建设用地进行合理补偿;对于集体建设用地的转让,集体经济组织应获得全部土地流转收益;国家应以税收的形式对国有土地外部性所导致的溢出效应进行宏观调控;土地管理部门可收取土地管理费等。同时,应进一步明晰集体土地所有权的权利主体、合理制定土地规划以及完善集体建设用地流转收益分配的相关配套措施。     

Sewers,wastewater and newspapers: the early environmental debate on water pollution in Turku,Finland, 1887–1934

Abstract

A century ago, city dwellers became increasingly aware of urban environmental problems caused by the waste products of industry and the growing population. Like elsewhere in Europe, water pollution became an acute issue also in the city of Turku, in south west Finland, The sewer system built after 1895 discharged all the municipal and rapidly increasing industrial wastewater untreated into the River Aura in the centre of the city, As a result, the quality of the river water worsened rapidly, and the first complaint on this was published in the local newspaper in 1899. In this study we document the press debate on river water quality and wastewater problems in the local newspapers of Turku for the period from 1887 to 1934, when the plan for a wastewater treatment plant was finally completed (the plant was, however, not built until 1966). The failure of the city administrators to present any solution to the river pollution problem caused the first major public environmental debate in the city at the turn of the 20^th century. Our results show that (1) sewers were recognized by newspapers as the primary cause of worsened river water quality, (2) the necessity of a wastewater treatment plant was understood long before the actual plan was drawn up, (3) the local industries were hardly ever criticized in public for water pollution, and (4) the initiative for improvements was considered to be the responsibility of the city administrators. The debate in the local press was often hectic, many decades before the 1960s, when the environmental debate is commonly said to have started.     

我国实行交通拥堵费政策的可行性分析

随着我国社会经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,城市规模不断扩大,城市人口日益增多,选择小汽车出行的人数越来越多,交通拥堵问题也日渐明显,并逐渐成为部分大城市中的社会问题。文章以外部性理论、公共产品理论和时间价值理论为基础,探讨了我国部分大城市在将来的特定时间和条件下实行交通拥堵费政策的条件和制约因素。笔者认为城市要具备完善发达的公共交通系统、成熟的技术支撑等条件,才能在特定时间和特定路段征收交通拥堵费,以缓解交通拥堵的状况。     

“河长制”能实现地方政府跨域间的协同治理吗——基于“碎片化治理”的视角

"河长制"这一创新政策试图通过河长之间的沟通协调来有效实现水污染治理目标，但该政策能否有效解决因流域治理的跨域特征而导致的碎片化管辖和协同治理困境，现有文献对此尚未予以关注。文章首先利用博弈模型和逻辑推演阐释了碎片化治理本身对水污染治理及对河长制政策实施效果的潜在影响，进而基于2007-2018年中国七大流域覆盖的干流县域数据，结合中国生态环境部实施的国家重点监控点的水质数据，对提出的理论假说进行了系统的实证检验。结果显示，我国的流域治理中确实存在明显的碎片化问题，且主要集中在中上游地区，原因在于中上游地区多为经济欠发达地区，其占优策略为被动等待，而下游地区主要为经济发达地区，其占优策略为主动治理，导致下游监管较强、中上游监管较弱而出现污染产业"逆流而上"的现象。同时，河长制能产生水污染治理改善的效果，但尚未解决跨区域协同治理困境，这也正是目前实施的河长制政策的主要局限，亟需后续推行过程中的进一步完善。文章揭示了河长制治理过程中的跨区域碎片化导致的协同治理困境问题，并为此问题提供了实证依据，有利于政府在执行过程中重点关注跨区域的协同合作治理，为政府进一步建立跨区域的河长制协同治理制度提供了决策依据。     

To make or to buy from a common supplier? Strategic considerations and welfare consequences

Consider two downstream firms that each can either produce an input in-house or purchase it from an upstream supplier. We show that depending on the difference between the supplier's and the downstream firms' in-house production costs, outsourcing by both firms could help them achieve a Pareto improvement or leave them trapped in a prisoner's dilemma. Furthermore, we find that two downstream firms may play a chicken game in which each makes a sourcing decision different from its rival if the input supplier is not as efficient as in the previous cases. The welfare implications of various sourcing outcomes are explored.     

Free entry in successive oligopolies

In the present paper, we propose an extension of Spengler's (1950) analysis of successive oligopolies, to study the effects of entry in the downstream and upstream markets. Free entry is analyzed using replica economies à la Debreu and Scarf (1963) . We find that free entry may have different effects in the upstream and in the downstream market. Namely, the usual convergence of the price to the corresponding marginal cost only occurs in the downstream market.