非法采伐普通木材运输刑事案件裁量的实证分析

森林是绿色发展的基础,木材非法采伐是影响林业可持续发展的重要因素。非法采伐的木材若在市场上交易,运输环节具有不可替代的作用,特别是运输明知是非法采伐木材的犯罪行为,更加应当受到关注。从全国范围来看,各省非法采伐普通木材运输刑事案件虽然在数量上有较大差异,但具有普遍性的特点。目前,非法采伐木材运输刑事案件一般采用并案方式审理,主要适用简易程序,定罪量刑并不统一。研究表明,法院在审理案件时需要意识到运输环节在非法木材交易中的重要性、避免自由裁量权的滥用,同时修改相关的司法解释作为审理非法采伐普通木材运输刑事案件定罪量刑的法律依据,从而为林业法治提供研究思路。     

非法采伐及相关贸易统计数据缺乏的估算方法学综述

非法采伐及相关的木材产品贸易对应对气候变化和实现可持续发展产生严重影响。非法采伐及相关贸易是世界各国共同面临的全球性问题。了解非法采伐及相关木材产品贸易的规模对于国际社会有效打击非法采伐及相关贸易具有重要意义,但非法林业活动的秘密性质使其规模和价值难以估计。在此背景下,文章通过回顾国内外有关非法采伐及相关贸易的文献成果,梳理了学者在非法采伐及相关贸易的定义、影响及治理对策等方面的研究结论,在此基础上重点归纳总结了几种用于定量估计非法采伐及相关木材产品贸易规模的估算方法,以期为非法采伐及相关贸易定量实证研究提供方法学参考。研究发现:(1)用于估算非法采伐及相关木材产品贸易规模的常用方法包括木材平衡分析、投入产出分析、贸易数据差异、进口来源分析和专家调查法;(2)不同的估算方法重点涉及不同的方面,每一种方法都有明显的优缺点;(3)用于估算非法采伐及相关贸易的数据源的质量以及每种估算方法固有的缺陷会影响估计结果的可靠性。文章从明确界定非法采伐及相关贸易的概念、准确统计木材合法生产消费数据、调整改进研究估算方法、加强定量实证研究4个方面对非法采伐及相关贸易问题的未来研究方向进行展望。     

打击非法采伐与贸易的国际合作机制研究

木材非法采伐与贸易问题不仅仅是全球范围内的林业问题,已经演变成非常敏感的外交问题和政治问题。应该说,国际合作及共同行动是打击非法采伐与贸易且实现森林可持续经营及公平贸易的重要措施。文章以构建多元化协同机制、明令禁止非法采伐木材与交易凸显国际合作的共同责任、重塑"执法—司法—守法"的监管合力等层面解读打击非法采伐与贸易行为的国际法治协同机制及常态化的制度建设,寄希望于学界展开系统的理论研究和研究角度及方法上的创新。     

森林资源的刑法保护刍议

我国现行刑法确立了非法采伐、毁坏珍贵树木罪等罪名,这对保护我国森林资源产生了规范作用。但是由于目前破坏森林资源的犯罪仍处于高发阶段,且形式多样,现行刑法已不足以遏制此类犯罪的发展势头,因此理顺法律条文间的关系、将一些严重破坏森林资源的行为纳入到刑法中来,并进一步完善此类犯罪的刑罚体系及其相关制度将成为刑事立法的重点。     

森林认证对我国林业产业发展的影响

林业产业是我国国民经济不可或缺的一部分，森林认证的引入不仅会在生态方面影响林业发展。也会在经济方面影响林业产业的发展。论述了森林认证在中国的发展，从林产品贸易、木材非法采伐与贸易、林业产业结构调整、林业产业管理体制与经营机制改革等方面分析了森林认证哥我国林业产业发展可能产生的影响。     

非法采伐、毁坏国家重点保护植物罪的司法认定及治理对策研究——基于200个判例的实证分析

为更好地保护环境资源,严厉打击非法采伐、毁坏国家重点保护植物的犯罪行为,通过运用实证研究方法对收集的5年间20个省200件非法采伐、毁坏国家重点保护植物罪案件的裁判文书进行统计与分析。研究结果表明:近5年间,我国非法采伐、毁坏国家重点保护植物犯罪案件数量呈大波浪式发展,案件发生具有明显的地域性,且以中年男性个人犯罪为主,销售树木牟取暴利为主要的犯罪动机;审判机关办案质量高,上诉率、再审率低,但存在"补植复绿"等量刑情节考虑不充分等问题。针对非法采伐、毁坏国家重点保护植物罪审理过程中所展现出来的特点,提出应不断提高民众环境资源保护意识,明确鉴定机构及鉴定标准,完善相关法律法规及建立和完善预防机制的对策。     

国际木材非法采伐与相关贸易问题研究

探讨非法采伐的定义、现状,从生产国与市场的角度分析非法采伐产生的原因,及非法采伐产生的影响。林产品生产国与消费国在非法采伐问题上应承担主要的责任,提出了建立打击非法采伐的国际法律,加强森林资源管理体系建设等解决非法采伐与相关贸易问题的措施。     

我国原木进口现状及面临的形势分析

文章分析了我国原木进口现状,研究了我国原木进口面临的形势,指出由于进口来源不稳定、打击非法采伐和木材合法性认证以及境外林业投资门槛提高等原因,我国原木进口形势十分严峻。据此,为缓解木材供需矛盾提出相应对策建议。     

非法采伐及国际上打击非法采伐的努力

对非法的相似概念进行界定,提出需要打击的非法采伐的行为。我国从加强林业企业监督、完善法律法规、加强国际合作,积极参与打击非法采伐的进程与对话,与国际社会共同探讨打击非法采伐等方面作出努力,及英国、美国、俄罗斯等一些国家积极应对非法采伐及相关贸易问题的相关措施。     

国际木材非法采伐与相关贸易问题研究

探讨了非法采伐的定义、现状,从生产国与市场的角度分析了非法采伐产生的原因,并分析了非法采伐产生的影响。介绍了国际上打击非法采伐与相关贸易的行动和协议,结合以中国为中心的林产品进出口贸易情况,分析中国林产品进口对非法采伐问题的影响。林产品生产国与消费国在非法采伐问题上应承担主要的责任,提出了解决非法采伐与相关贸易的措施。     

涉林刑事案件非刑罚处罚措施的选择与适用

从非刑罚处罚措施对刑罚措施的替代适用、辅助适用以及与刑罚措施的同时适用等方面,阐述了非刑罚处罚措施在涉林刑事案件中的适用现状;分析了非刑罚处罚措施在涉林刑事案件中适用的法律依据、主体选择、标准选择以及监督机关选择等难题及其原因。通过案例分析和规范分析发现:在涉林刑事犯罪案件的具体司法实践中,以非刑罚处罚措施补充或替代刑罚处罚虽具有很强的针对性和较好的社会效果,但在适用依据、选择标准、实现方式等方面尚不明确。因此,建议通过健全涉林刑事案件非刑罚处罚措施的适用依据,制定涉林刑事案件非刑罚处罚措施的适用标准,确定涉林刑事案件非刑罚处罚措施的适用主体,明确涉林刑事案件非刑罚处罚措施的监督主体,以便推进在涉林刑事案件司法审判中非刑罚处罚的实践创新逐渐形成稳定的制度,完善涉林刑事案件非刑罚处罚措施的适用规则。     

关于实行林业战略转型发展的思考与建议

回顾了我国林业由传统林业逐步向现代林业转变的发展历程,总结出我国林业发展方式上的经验和教训,阐述了解决国家生态安全、木材安全和民生需要的根本出路在于转变林业发展方式。其中国有林场应率先实行。同时提出建立经济财政保障政策。     

How forestland size affects household profits from timber harvests: A case-study in China’s Southern collective forest area

To improve the economies of scale in forest management and reduce the fragmentation of forestland, the Chinese central government has implemented a collective forest tenure supplementary reform since 2008. This has included a series of policies for motivating transfer of forestlands use rights among households in the country’s Southern Collective Forest Area (SCFA). However, to date there is little evidence that large-scale forest owners can earn more profits from timber harvests than small-scale forest owners in the SCFA. Using data collected from household surveys in the three of the SCFA’s provinces in 2016, this paper examines the return to scale of forestland ownership for timber harvests in this region, and how the scale of forestland ownership affects households’ profits from timber harvests. The results show a constant return to scale in timber harvests in the case provinces in China’s SCFA, that forestland area makes the most important contribution to the output of timber harvests, and that fragmentation of forestland results in lower profits from timber harvests. It appears that a moderate scale of forestland ownership should be identified for increasing the profits from timber harvests. With the rapid urbanization throughout China, an increase in off-farm employment among rural household members has a negative impact on timber harvests in the region. We argue that policymakers should realize the importance of encouraging the forestland transfers and improve the concentration of forestlands in the next stage of forest tenure rights reform in China’s SCFA.     

海南省最优森林生态规划研究

在对国内外生态规划研究综述的基础上,通过对海南省最优森林生态规划的研究指出:要使海南省林地、林木和森林环境服务的效益最大,必须调整用材林、防护林、特用林和竹林的面积比例。海南省不同林种林地合理使用的平均影子价格为2512.46元/hm2,特用林的最优估价为4376.04元/hm2。建议,海南省应减少用材林面积的比例,增加防护林面积的比例,围绕生态省的建设,狠抓林种结构调整,使不同林种比例结构适合生态省建设的需要。同时,要注重林业产业结构的调整,使林业生产主要由单一热带作物生产转移到多种林产品生产和服务上来,注重林业优势产业的发展。     

生态法益视角下破坏森林资源犯罪立法之完善

从生态法益的视角分析了我国刑法关于破坏森林资源犯罪的立法缺陷。要发挥刑法在保护森林资源,维护生态系统平衡方面的作用,就应以生态利益为标准,以生态法益的理念完善现行刑法,确立生态法益在刑法法益中的独立地位,在破坏森林资源的犯罪构成以及刑事制裁方式等方面体现生态利益的要求。     

行政犯的可罚根据与认定模式--以刑事不法与行政违法的衔接为视角

当下行政犯处罚范围与公众价值判断的矛盾来源于对行政犯可罚根据的错误认定。犯罪定义学表明行政犯的可罚根据来源于法律机关的定义。行政违法是行政犯可罚的前提与基础,但行政犯应对自身涵摄的行为类型进行独立筛选。基于主体性定义的行政犯需要对其可罚性是否正当进行认定,即通过对国家规定的实质理解、对行为情节和结果的实质评价及对构成要件的限制解释予以刑事可罚范围限缩。行政犯的刑事诉讼程序无需等待行政机关作出行政违法的判断。正确认定行政犯的可罚根据,才能使行政犯的适用与社会正义观念相一致。     

关于森林生态效益经济补偿机制的探讨

森林生态效益经济补偿机制是现阶段推进我国林业向纵深发展的关键性措施 ,必须以马克思主义的劳动价值论和再生产理论作为分析该问题的基础。受外在补偿的应该是特定公益林的经营者 ,而不包括商品林的经营者。补偿的标准是价值补偿 ,为保证公益林的扩大再生产 ,必须保证公益林经营也有盈利 ,使用者补偿途径应该分步到位 ,逐步推进 ,国家、各级政府、各主管部门参与 ,采取行之有效的办法加以实施。     

Editorial - Multiple-use forestry

The problem of multiple-use forestry arises because (1) a forest can be managed to provide a wide range of products and services, (2) the different uses are not perfectly compatible with each other, and (3) some products are not priced in markets and many of the services a forest provides have the characteristics of public goods. Examples of major forest products include, in addition to timber, edible berries, fungi, and hunting games. Forests also provide recreation opportunities and various environmental services (such as regulating local climate, reducing soil erosion, reducing pollutants in the atmosphere, regulating the global climate, providing habitats for wildlife, etc.). The outputs of nontimber goods in general depend on the quantity and structure of the forest, which can be changed by various forest management activities. However, a forest state most suitable for the production of one good is usually not optimal with respect to another good. Typically, there does not exist a set of management activities that simultaneously maximize the outputs of timber and all other goods.Another way to understand the conflicts between different uses is to view standing timber as an intermediate product of forestry investment, which is employed as an “input” for the production of timber products and nontimber goods. Thinking in this way, the conflicts arise partly because timber production and nontimber uses compete for the same input, and partly because of the differences in the “production technology” among different nontimber goods. A change in the standing timber may have positive impacts on some nontimber uses, but have negative effects on others. Because of the conflicts among different uses, it requires that both timber products and nontimber goods should be explicitly incorporated into forestry decision-making in order to achieve the greatest benefits to the forest owner and/or the public.Most of the economic analyses of multiple-use forestry decisions have explicitly or implicitly adopted the view that multiple-use should be achieved in individual stands. Each stand should be managed to produce an optimal mix of timber products and nontimber goods. Another view of multiple-use forestry is to manage each stand for a primary use, whereas multiple-use concerns are addressed by allocating different stands in a forest to different uses. A general argument in support of the primary-use view is that specialization makes for efficiency. The production of timber and nontimber goods is a joint process, however. Strictly speaking, one cannot separate timber production and the production of different nontimber goods. For example, managing a stand for timber production does not exclude the possibility of producing some nontimber goods in the stand. Since every stand usually produces more than one product, efficient multiple-use forestry requires that each stand should be managed for an optimal mix of timber and nontimber outputs. On the other hand, it may well be the case that the optimal multiple-use mix for a particular stand consists of a maximum output of one product. In this case the optimal multiple-use management decision would coincide with the optimal decision pertaining to a single use. In other words, it may be optimal to manage a particular stand for one primary use. Using the terminology of economics, primary-use may be efficient for stands in which the multiple-use production set is nonconvex. Recent research has explored several sources of nonconvexity in the multiple-use production set. However, there is no evidence supporting the argument that specialization is always more efficient than multiple-use management of individual stands. From an economics viewpoint, efficient primary-use is special cases of multiple-use stand management.A widely recognized limitation of multiple-use stand management is that, by considering each stand separately, one neglects the interdependence of nontimber benefits and ecological interactions among individual stands. The nontimber benefits of a stand depend on the output of nontimber goods from other stands. Likewise, the nontimber output from one stand affects the value of nontimber goods produced in the other stands. Ecological interactions among individual stands imply that the output of nontimber goods from two stands in a forest differs from the sum of the outputs from two isolated stands. These interdependence and interactions imply that the relationship between the nontimber benefits of a stand and the stand age (or standing timber stock) cannot be unambiguously determined - it depends on the flow of nontimber goods produced in the surrounding stands. Therefore, it is improper to determine optimal decisions for the individual stands independently. In stead, efficient multiple-use forestry decision should be analyzed by considering all the stands in a forest simultaneously.Another serious limitation of multiple-use stand management is that each stand is treated as a homogenous management unit to be managed according to a uniform management regime. One implicitly assumes that the boundaries of each stand is exogenously given and will remain unchanged over time. This assumption imposes a restriction on the multiple-use production set, thereby creates inefficiency. As an example, consider a large stand with a nonconvex production set. It may be possible to eliminate nonconvexity in the production set and push the production possibility frontier outwards by dividing the stand into several parts and managing each part for a primary-use. It may also be efficient to combine two adjacent stands into one to be managed following a uniform regime, because of the presences of fixed management costs, and/or because the relationship between some nontimber outputs and stand area is not linear.In contrast to income from timber production, nontimber goods produced at different time points are not perfect substitutes. The rate at which a forest owner is willing to substitute a nontimber good produced at one time point for that produced at another time point changes with the outputs of the nontimber good at the two time points. In general cases, the nontimber goods produced at one time point cannot be consumed at another time point, and the marginal utility of a nontimber good decreases when its output increases. This provides a motivation for reducing the variation in the output of nontimber goods over time. An effective approach to coordinating nontimber outputs over time is to apply different management regimes to different parts of a stand, or apply the same regime to adjacent stands, which would change the boundaries of the stands. Preserving the existing stand boundaries would limit the possibility of evening out the nontimber outputs over time, and thereby lead to intertemporal inefficiency in multiple-use management.In previous studies of multiple-use forestry decisions the nontimber outputs or benefits are usually modeled as functions of stand age or standing timber stock. Future flows of nontimber goods or benefits are incorporated into a stand/forest harvest decision model to explore the implications of nontimber uses for optimal harvest decisions. While stand age and standing timber stock may have significant impacts on nontimber outputs, other forest state variables, e. g. the spatial distribution of stands of different ages/species, may be of great importance to the production of nontimber goods. Recognition of such forest state variables could change the relationship between timber production and nontimber outputs and therefore change the optimal forest management decisions.In summary, multiple-use forestry is not simply an extension of timber management with additional flows of benefits to be considered when evaluating alternative management regimes. Recognition of multiple uses of a forest leads to two fundamental changes of the forestry decision problem. First, the optimal intertemporal consumption of forestry income is no longer separable from forest management decisions. In general, the optimal intertemporal consumption of forestry income depends on future flows of nontimber goods, implying that the consumption-saving decision should be made simultaneously with the decision on the production of timber and nontimber goods over time. Secondly, it is no longer appropriate to optimize the management regime for each stand separately. The nontimber outputs from a forest depend on the age distribution of individual stands, and on a wide range of other forest state variables such as the spatial distribution of stands of different ages and tree-species composition. Ecological interactions and interdependence among stands imply that management regimes for different stands should be optimized simultaneously. In addition to changing rotation ages and harvest levels, efficient multiple-use forestry requires optimizing the spatial allocation of harvests, redefining the boundaries of stands, coordinating the choices of tree species in regeneration of harvested area and so on.The lack of rigorous production functions for nontimber goods imposes a severe restriction on attempts to perform comprehensive economic analyses of multiple-use forestry decisions. This restriction in itself is no justification for ignoring many of the key aspects of multiple-use forestry problem and modeling the problem as one of determining the optimal rotation age or optimal harvest level. It requires that economic models of multiple-use forestry should be developed with special consideration of the vague and imprecise information regarding the relationships between nontimber outputs and forest state variables.Peichen GongDepartment of Forest EconomicsSE-90183 UmeåSweden     

森林生态价值会计核算研究——森林生态价值会计核算与林业可持续发展

森林是环境与经济协调持续发展的关键。在传统的林业会计中没有将森林生态效益纳入其核算体系。将森林生态效益纳入林业会计核算体系,以适应可持续发展战略的需要,已成为当今林业会计需迫切解决的一个问题。森林资源作为一项公共物品,既需要政府宏观层面的控制,也需要企业的微观核算。森林生态价值会计具有独特的特征和内涵。