中国国防支出的就业效应分析

本文研究了1978-2007年间中国国防支出对就业水平的影响,结果表明：（1）中国国防支出与就业水平之间存在长期的均衡关系;（2）长期来看,国防支出与就业水平之间存在双向格兰杰因果关系;（3）不论在长期还是在短期,中国的国防支出对就业水平都没有促进作用,可能的原因是我国国防支出的增加主要用于引进先进的军事技术、装备以及提高军人福利待遇上,从而对就业的影响很小。因此,我国国防支出应适当向军事领域的人力资本投入和军事科研经费投入上倾斜,这样可以加速国外先进技术和装备的本土化进程,进而加快军用技术的民用化,减少国防支出的＂挤出＂效应,从而实现国防开支与就业的良性循环。     

中国第三产业发展与就业增长关系的实证研究

根据发达国家经济发展经验,第三产业的发展能够有效地拉动就业的增加。同样就业的增加也会反过来拉动经济的发展。通过对第三产业经济增长和就业关系进行ADF检验、协整关系检验和格兰杰因果关系检验,发现第三产业增长率与其就业增长率之间存在长期稳定的关系;第三产业劳动力就业增长率是第三产业增长率的格兰杰原因,反之则不成立,即中国第三产业就业规模的扩大将不断地为第三产业创造更多的增加值,但是第三产业产值的增加并不能明显地带动就业的增长。     

产业发展与人口就业协调共进研究——以江苏为例

产业发展与人口就业之间存在复杂的联系效应,二者的良性互动既是经济社会进步的重要内容,又是经济社会发展的根本路径。借助结构偏离度和就业弹性两个定量指标对江苏产业发展与人口就业的联系效应作了实证分析。江苏产业发展与人口就业之间的协调程度较差。必须换位思考,根据三次产业发展的特点探讨促进二者协调共进的对策。     

人民币升值对我国制造业的就业影响

国际金融危机背景下人民币不断升值以来,我国的就业形势一直比较严峻。人民币升值对制造业就业的影响,主要体现在总需求效应、资本替代劳动效应、国际投资效应以及消费效应等方面。本文运用协整关系检验、格兰杰因果关系检验和误差修正模型等研究方法对人民币升值影响制造业就业量进行了实证分析,结果表明,人民币汇率与制造业就业量之间存在长期均衡关系,人民币在合理的范围内适度升值有利于该就业量的提高。     

On the Welfare Effects of Eliminating Business Cycles

We investigate the welfare effects of eliminating business cycles in a model with substantial consumer heterogeneity. The heterogeneity arises from uninsurable and idiosyncratic uncertainty in preferences and employment, where, regarding employment, we distinguish among employment and short- and long-term unemployment. We calibrate the model to match the distribution of wealth in U.S. data and features of transitions between employment and unemployment. Unlike previous studies, we study how business cycles affect different groups of consumers. We conclude that the cost of cycles is small for almost all groups and, indeed, is negative for some.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C68, D31, D61, E32.     

The determinants of local employment dynamics in Western Germany

This article studies the impact of the local industrial structure on employment dynamics in Western Germany. Following the approach of Combes et al. (J Urban Econ 56:217–243, 2004) for France, local employment growth is decomposed into internal growth resulting from employment changes in existing plants and into external growth determined by employment decisions of newly established plants. The dynamics of both components are estimated simultaneously, taking explicitly into account the timing of the impact of specialization, diversity, and competition in a region. The analysis is conducted for 24 sectors in the West German labor market regions from 1993 to 2002. Estimation results emphasize the positive influence of diversity on both the internal and external employment growth, whereas there is no clear result on specialization. A high degree of competition fosters external employment, but is detrimental to internal employment. Dynamic panel regressions show that static externalities dominate. Importantly, the impact of the local industrial structure on employment dynamics does not differ between small and larger plants, nor are there fundamental differences between Western Germany and France.     

Explanations of the demand for labour in the United Kingdom engineering sector

This paper presents a set of employment functions for nine individual engineering industries using annual data for the period 1954–1987 for the United Kingdom. A brief review alternative theoretical specifications is undertaken. A set of co-integrating regressions is computed to establish the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between employment and inter aliaoutput and real wages. Based on the results of the co-integration exercise, full unrestricted dynamic equations are obtained and these are then reduced to a more parsimonious representation. The finally preferred restricted models are then tested against a number of diagnostic statistical criteria to establish their robust and efficient properties. The value of these equations for explaining past and predicting future employment and training in the engineering sector is assessed.     

转型期中国就业重构与城乡居民收入分配——基于省际面板数据的实证分析

笔者利用1992年～ 2009年的省际面板数据,就中国就业重构对城乡居民收入分配的影响进行实证分析与检验.结果表明,就业重构方向与城乡居民收入分配极化负相关,就业重构速度与城乡居民收入分配极化正相关；受城乡劳动力市场分割与城乡居民人力资本水平差异的约束,就业重构对城乡居民收入分配的极化效应大于平衡效应；在区域层面,就业重构对城乡居民收入分配的净极化效应由大到小的顺序分别为中部、西部和东部.     

试论职业指导在当前促进职教师资毕业生就业工作中的作用和重要性

当前,高校毕业生就业形势异常严峻,再加上大学生对自我很难有一个全面客观的认识、个人与社会需求之间供需失衡脱节等诸多因素,造成了大量毕业生难以就业、人才过剩的社会现象。以职教师资本科生为例,阐述拓宽职业教育就业途径、开展职业指导对促进高校毕业生就业的作用和重要性。     

产业结构优化与就业增长

中国第三产业总产值占GDP的比重与就业总量之间存在显著的正相关关系;相反,第二产业总产值占GDP的比重与就业总量之间呈显著负相关关系。通过放松行业管制来大力发展第三产业和通过劳动力职业培训实现劳动力在产业间的顺利转换是提高就业水平的两条重要途径。产业结构与就业总量之间的关系还存在明显的地区差异。在发达地区,二者之间的关系与全样本回归所得结论是一致的;而在欠发达地区,产业结构对就业并没有显著影响,但人均受教育年限和人口年龄结构与就业总量之间都是显著正相关的,因此,在欠发达地区,提高人口素质和优化人口年龄结构比产业结构调整更有利于促进就业增长。GDP的就业弹性系数显著为正,保持较高的经济增长速度也是促进就业的重要手段。     

中国近年来经济增长与 就业增长间数量关系解释

本文尝试解释为何中国就业变化和经济增长间数量关系并不稳定,两个问题将被处理：（1）就业数据是否有偏误;（2）一些中国特有的影响因素在就业和增长关系间是否有调节作用。本文的研究发现：（1）统计局公布的城镇增加就业数据大致可靠;（2）经济增长对就业有显著拉动作用,也就是说使用另一种表达的奥肯定律得到论证;（3）国有经济部门在就业和增长间起到了调节作用,并且对经济周期不同阶段影响有对称性。     

论大学特色化与就业率的辩证关系

用唯物辩证法的观点,探寻大学特色化与就业率之间的辩证关系,更好地推进大学科学发展,既有理论意义,也有现实意义。大学特色化与就业率之间既相互联系,又相对独立,这种辩证统一关系的落实处,就是持续创新办学特色,保证就业率稳步提高。     

Gender differences in self‐employment

This paper examines the factors that influence transitions into self‐employment, paying particular attention to gender differences. We find that: (i) men are more responsive to the wage differential between wage/salaried employment and self‐employment; (ii) liquidity constraints are more important for men; and (iii) the link between father's self‐employment status and the probability of self‐employment is stronger for men. Taken together, these results suggest that, for women, self‐employment is a closer substitute for part‐time work and labour‐market inactivity than it is for men. We attribute such differences to the different labour market opportunities and occupational strategies of women.     

技术创新、劳动力就业与产业模式选择:假说、框架和检验

从技术和劳动力的替代关系假说出发,探讨中国产业发展过程中技术创新、劳动力就业和产业模式之间的内在联系。研究发现:随着劳动效率的提升,三次产业内部确实存在技术替代劳动力的情况;但从整体和长期来看,技术创新虽然推动了产业结构调整和经济增长,但对劳动力就业总量的影响不显著;只有当大规模技术变革引起产业发生结构性变动时,技术替代劳动力所带来的失业现象才会出现。得出结论:就业在相当大的程度上表现为宏观经济增长的结果,与技术创新的关系并不明朗。     

经济增长对促进就业的经济学分析

经济增长与就业的相互关系一直是经济学家研究的热点,也是政府关注的焦点。经济学常识告诉我们,经济增长与就业之间存在着正相关的关系,并且经济增长能够带动就业的增长,只是在不同国家和地区之间的表现形式不同而已。通过建立计量经济学模型,定量分析1978-2012年间我国经济增长与促进就业的具体依存关系,得到相关结论并提出进一步促进就业的政策建议。     

Its Bark is Worse Than its Bite: The Wage and Employment Effects of the Minimum Wage in the US

This study examines the effect of changes in the US minimum wage on wages and employment in 32 industries selected for their presumed sensitivity to the minimum wage. Applying time series techniques commonly used in macroeconomics and finance to changes in the minimum wage occurring from 1967 and 1991, we initially test for a wage response; only where one is found do we test for an employment response. Twenty-five per cent of the industry/minimum-wage-increase pairs show evidence of an appropriate wage response. Eight of these 54 show a statistically significant negative employment response, while six show significant, positive employment responses. Positive effects may be due to either a high variance distribution centred on zero or markets with 'lemons' problems concerning worker quality. Limiting analysis to industries in which the minimum wage binds provides no evidence of a consistent negative relationship between the historical minimum wage and employment.     

Technological Activity and Employment in a Panel of UK Firms

We investigate the relationship between technological activity, proxied by R&D, patents, and trade marks, and employment for a panel of British production firms from 1987 to 1994. We modify standard derived demand for labour to include technology variables. We find employment is fostered by R&D expenditure and UK patent publications, ceteris paribus on factor costs and current sales. The employment impact of R&D is bigger in high technology sectors, but employment increase from UK patenting activity is bigger in mature technology sectors. In further analysis of persistent differences (the estimated firm fixed effects) UK trade marks and US patents are also positively associated with employment.     

宏观经济景气波动对就业增长的影响

中国不成熟的市场经济和特殊的人口环境使得用就业弹性和奥肯定律均无法有效反映我国经济增长与就业关系,更无法刻画经济波动对就业的冲击。本文从宏观经济景气波动影响就业增长的三个路径：劳动力供给、劳动力需求和政府公共就业政策来建立系统的分析模型,以探析经济波动与就业增长的长期均衡关系和滞后冲击效应。在劳动力供给系统中,经济波动使经济活动人口增多,加快了就业增长;在劳动力需求系统中,经济波动不利于经济增长,从而不利于劳动力需求增长;在政府就业促进政策系统中,社会保障和就业的投入缓和了经济波动对就业增长的冲击。     

Is there a Laffer curve between aggregate output and public sector employment?

This paper develops a model of the relationship between public sector employment, total output and aggregate real demand in market prices, where public employment has a positive productivity effect on private output. Public employment crowds out private employment and output because its increase induces higher wages and taxes. The valuation of government output is also taken into account. While public employment affects total output and aggregate real demand in an a priori ambiguous way, numerical simulations suggest that the relationship may be nonlinear; positive, when public sector is “small” and negative, when it is “large”. Using the annual data from 22 OECD countries over the period 1960–1996 and estimating and testing for threshold models and more commonly used specifications with multiplicative interaction terms give support to this nonlinearity hypothesis between public employment and private sector output. First version received: October 1996/Final version received: April 2000     

Did the pattern of aggregate employment growth change in the euro area in the late 1990s?

This paper examines whether the pattern of growth in euro area employment seen in the period 1997 to 2001 differs from that recorded in the past and what could be the reasons. First, a standard employment equation is estimated for the euro area as a whole. This shows that the lagged impact of both output growth and real labour cost growth, together with a productivity trend and employment ‘inertia’, can account for most of the employment developments between 1970 and the early 1990s. Conversely, these traditional determinants can only explain part of the employment development seen in recent years (1997 to 2001). Second, the paper shows sound evidence of a structural break in the aggregate employment equation in the late 1990s. Third, the paper provides some tentative explanations for this change in aggregate employment developments, using in particular country panels of institutional variables and of active labour market policies but also cross-sectional analyses. Among the relevant factors likely to have contributed to rising aggregate employment in recent years are changes in the sectoral composition of euro area employment, the strong development of part-time jobs, lower labour tax rates and possibly less stringent employment protection legislation and greater subsidies to private employment.