共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
E. Trauwaert 《European Economic Review》1974,5(3):223-244
Following Pareto's principles a general economic optimum is worked out for the producer of a non-storable good who has to satisfy a periodic demand with a constant production capacity. It is found that the marginal cost pricing rule applies, with some accommodations when the production capability of the plant is inelastic.A general investment criterion is also obtained, and it is shown that this general criterion can take simplified forms when applied to some well-defined classes of actual production functions.These results should find a broad application in peak-load pricing and in investment policies for such industries as electricity production, railways, telephone, etc.,…, i.e., for producers of non-storable commodities subject to seasonal demand variations. 相似文献
2.
Roberto Marchionatti 《International Review of Economics》2006,53(4):538-559
Allais (1968) maintained that Pareto’s influence on the development of economics was felt only after considerable delay and
was confined to Italy and France. This paper provides a reconstruction of the intellectual dissemination of Pareto’s thought
through Europe and the United States in the period 1900–1940, showing that it was influential in the period from c.1900 to
the mid-1920s and that in the 1930s it was highly important in the foundation of mainstream post-war economic theory, although
in a more elusive way than before.(JEL:B13, B16, B21, B23, B31) 相似文献
3.
Klaus F. Zimmermann 《Economics Letters》1980,6(3):295-299
Böhm's (1980) data set on consumption and leisure in Austria is used to estimate the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) of Deaton and Muellbauer (1980). Average income elasticities and average Slutzky price elasticities are calculated and the patterns of consumption and leisure in Austria are described. 相似文献
4.
This paper looks into possible explanations for differences between Eastern and Western Europe alcohol consumption behaviour even twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet regime. It suggests these differences can be viewed as an expression of cultural habits. We explore different ways of defining exposure to the communist regime: using number of years a person spent under the regime and also a dummy indicator for spending formative years (18–25) in it. We find both to be strong factors in explaining alcohol consumption behaviour. We consider differences in frequency of alcohol consumption and binge drinking using European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) micro data from Eurostat. Estimations are run with ordered probit model for men and women separately. Evidence suggests a statistically significant effect of experiencing communist regimes, which is larger for women's alcohol consumption frequency than for men's. It is also the most important factor in explaining more frequent male binge drinking. These effects hold after controlling for socio-economic, country level and time characteristics. This suggests the attitudes towards alcohol consumption could be more permissive in the Eastern Bloc countries. 相似文献
5.
This article attempts to estimate how much energy is required to satisfy basic human needs; previous estimates of human energy needs exist but are found wanting. The analysis is based on the Latin American World Model, a simple econometric model that, assuming basic needs-oriented development and certain basic needs targets and considering three developing regions (Latin America, Africa, and Asia), determines per capita income levels at which basic needs are satisfied. Using figures for income and price elasticities of commercial energy demand and for noncommercial energy consumption from the literature, we calculated a range of 27 × 103 to 37 × 103 kcal/day per capita for the energy cost of meeting basic human needs. This energy cost range is below current per capita world energy consumption, implying that theoretically all people's basic needs could be met at today's world energy consumption level. 相似文献
6.
John S. Chipman 《International Review of Economics》2006,53(4):451-475
This paper provides explanations for Pareto’s apparently contradictory approach to demand theory in simultaneously insisting
that measurability of utility is not needed to explain the equilibrium of consumers in competitive markets, and embracing
concavifiability and thus measurability of utility when this implies restrictions on consumers’ behavior such as the law of
demand. It also treats his method of calibrating an aggregate demand function by employing his law of income distribution,
so as to reproduce “Gregory King’s law”. Finally, some disputed issues are dealt with concerning the nature of Pareto’s contributions
to welfare economics. (JEL: B13, D11, D60). 相似文献
7.
Peter Havlik 《Journal of Comparative Economics》1985,9(2):178-190
An attempt is made to estimate purchasing-power parity (Par) for a comparison of Czechoslovakia's consumption level with Austria's in 1980. The Par calculation is based on modified official consumer baskets of both countries and the author's own assessment of quality and structural differences. The main conclusion is that economic development in Czechoslovakia was significantly slower than in Austria. A comparison with results of a methodologically similar study of 1964 implies a significant worsening of Czechoslovakia's relative living conditions. 相似文献
8.
Individual's preferences are explained on the basis of two types of influences, his own past consumption and the consumption of others which is directly observable by him. These effects are estimated using the “individual welfare function” approach of Van Praag, and a model of preferences formation. 相似文献
9.
B.Ross Barmish 《Journal of Economic Theory》1984,32(1):93-110
A framework is developed which can be used to analyze a large class of consumption situations which cannot be handled by Lancaster's model. To achieve this end, a certain “expansion” of attribute space is performed. Subsequently, we formally define the notions of mixability and effective number of goods. This new model degenerates into Lancaster's model for the special case when . 相似文献
10.
Halina Kwasnicka Roman Galar Witold Kwasnicki 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》1983,23(1):41-58
Although many models of technological substitution processes exist, only a few deal with multilevel technological substitution and still fewer may be easily applied to forecasting of real multilevel substitution processes. We propose a stochastic model of multilevel technological substitution and a forecasting method based on this model. In the author's opinion, the developed algorithm may be easily applied to forecasting various technological substitution processes. An example of the application of this algorithm to forecasting of world energy consumption is presented. The algorithm makes possible an investigation of the impact of future innovation on the system's behavior. 相似文献
11.
David Gale 《Journal of Economic Theory》1977,15(2):398-409
The paper analyzes the standard one-good neoclassical dynamic model in which wages to consumer-workers are paid in IOU's issued by producers. The wealth of consumers consists of their accumulated IOU's and the model differs from the traditional one in that it is not assumed that consumers' wealth is exactly equal to the value of the capital stock. The dynamic behavior of this model turns out to be quite different from the traditional one, the main result being that, in the absence of “excessive savings” by consumers, the golden rule will always be the unique stable steady state. 相似文献
12.
Ramon E. Lopez 《European Economic Review》1984,24(1):61-82
This paper proposes a model oriented towards integrating farm households' production and consumption decisions into a unified theoretical and econometric framework. It is argued that, in contrast with other forms of economic organization, farm households' utility and profit maximization decisions are not likely to be independent.Econometric estimation of a farm-household model using Canadian data suggests that utility and profit maximizing decisions are not indeed independent and, moreover, that there are significant gains in explanatory power and efficiency by estimating the consumption and production equations jointly. 相似文献
13.
Focusing on the crucial role of inventory carry-overs in the production and sales decision, we describe the profit maximizing behavior of a dynamic competitive firm facing random prices. Each firm's behavior is incorporated into a stochastic equilibrium model of the competitive industry with uncertain demand. The industry model exhibits asymmetric cyclical fluctuations of the “Keynesian” sort: when demand is weak, output contracts while price holds at a fixed floor; when demand is strong, price increases as output is constrained by a ceiling. Even in a pure world of constant returns, without increasing costs, the inability to instantaneously coordinate production and sales along with the existence of inventories is sufficient to yield a “backward L” shaped supply curve for the short run. 相似文献
14.
Oliver Kim 《Journal of Economic Theory》1983,29(2):339-346
In a consumption loans model with many generations, Gale's theorem on the existence of balanced equilibrium is generalized, allowing more general preferences. The new theorem shows that there are plausible conditions under which there exists a Pareto optimal (non-optimal) balanced equilibrium whenever there exists (does not exist) a monetary golden rule equilibrium. 相似文献
15.
Alvin K. Klevorick Michael Rothschild Christopher Winship 《Journal of public economics》1984,23(3):245-278
We develop a model to explore the information processing function that jury deliberation and its analogues perform. The central question we ask is: How much better could a jury possibly perform if it optimally used the collective information available to it than if it decides cases by a simple majority vote before any deliberation or information sharing occurs? It is shown how the answer depends on a number of considerations, including the correlation among jurors' observations, the jurors' assessments of the relative importance of type I and type II errors compared with society's assessment of those errors, and differences in jurors' abilities. 相似文献
16.
Reputation and imperfect information 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A common observation in the informal literature of economics (and elsewhere) is that is multistage “games,” players may seek early in the game to acquire a reputation for being “tough” or “benevolent” or something else. But this phenomenon is not observed in some formal game-theoretic analyses of finite games, such as Selten's finitely repeated chain-store game or in the finitely repeated prisoners' dilemma. We reexamine Selten's model, adding to it a “small” amount of imperfect (or incomplete) information about players' payoffs, and we find that this addition is sufficient to give rise to the “reputation effect” that one intuitively expects. 相似文献
17.
Marcel Boyer 《Journal of Economic Theory》1983,31(1):27-53
This paper proposes a model in which habit formation is present in a relatively general but tractable way. The consumer's problem is transformed into a sequence of two-period Fisherian problems by introducing a “reduced utility function” to ensure full dynamic rationality of the consumer. By making preferences dependent on past real expenditure levels rather than past consumption bundles, it is possible to characterize the long-run behavior of the consumer. Stability analysis is performed. The cases of “immediate habit formation” and “delayed habit formation” are discussed. 相似文献
18.
19.
Jianfeng Yu 《Review of Economic Dynamics》2012,15(3):317-335
This paper examines a new set of implications for existing asset pricing models regarding the correlation between returns and consumption growth over both the short run and the long run. The findings suggest that external habit formation models face a challenge in producing two robust facts in aggregate data, namely, that stock market returns lead consumption growth, and that the correlation between returns and consumption growth is higher at low frequencies. To reconcile these facts with a consumption-based model, I demonstrate the need for focusing on models that contain a forward-looking consumption component, i.e., models that allow for both trend and cyclical fluctuations in consumption, and that link returns to cyclical fluctuations in consumption. Long-run risk models provide examples of models that contain this consumption component. 相似文献
20.
Christopher Green 《Journal of development economics》1983,12(3):303-325
For several years the IMF has operated a Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF) whose aim is to smooth out the effects of a shortfall in export receipts in a particular country. In 1981, the Facility was extended to cover imports of foodstuffs, with the objective of reducing food insecurity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical analysis of the CFF, interpreted as an international scheme whose object is to stabilise some domestic policy target, such as consumption, by providing loans based on the value or volume of a country's exports or imports. The paper shows that, under certain assumptions, the IMF's CFF for exports provides net gains to individual countries. The extension of the scheme to include food imports could provide further gains, but only if it is appropriately redesigned. 相似文献