“绿色绿地”概念及评估体系构想

：随着十九大会议的召开，绿色发展理念趋于成熟。 在这种背景下，城市生态环境建设等领域也引入了绿色发展的 理念，绿地建设作为城市生态环境建设至关重要的一环，其发 展模式必然要从高速化的发展转向高质量化发展。融合绿色发 展理念提出了“绿色绿地”的概念，即在绿地建设与维护的全 寿命周期中，以绿色发展理念为指导思想，以节约型为出发 点，以最大限度地满足生态及低碳要求为基本原则，以提升动 态适应性及韧性为发展愿景，在绿色管控的方式下保护、营 造、修复环境，减少污染，提高绿地的生态效益，为人们提供 健康、舒适、安全的使用空间，打造能够与自然和谐共生的可 持续绿地。从人、生态系统、生境、地域、城市韧性5个维度 阐述了“绿色绿地”的内涵，通过“绿色绿地”与“生态绿 地”“低碳绿地”“节约型绿地”等相关绿地概念的辨析，总 结了“绿色绿地”的生态性、节约性、适应性、可持续发展性 等特点，初步提出了“绿色绿地”评估体系的构想，以期推动 “绿色绿地”的发展。     

R&D Activities In a Peripheral Region: an Empirical Study with Special Reference to the North East Region of the UK

This study examines the incidence of research and development (R&D) activities, type of R&D undertaken and the incidence of R&D co-operation among manufacturing firms located in a key urban area of the North East England, a peripheral region of the UK. We have found that over 62% of manufacturing firms in this urban growth area to be R&D active, suggesting that R&D active firms tend to be concentrated in urban area s in a peripheral region, as it is the case in the leading regions. However, the incidence of R&D co-operation was found to be relatively low among R&D active firms. It is also found that the key determinants of undertaking R&D to be the existence of a core competence/product and exporting activities. These findings might be of interest to policy makers promoting economic growth via firm’s R&D activities.     

城镇化过程中的制约因素与对策研究

城镇化是新农村建设的途径和目标之一,意义特殊而重大.但是,当前在农村城镇化建设过程中存在的一系列问题,妨碍了农村城镇化的进程.主要表现在政府与政策支持力度不够,体制性障碍没有从根本上消除,城镇化所需的基础设施建设滞后,城镇化过程中的质量意识不强等方面.因此,加强政府指导,拓展城镇化资金来源渠道,加快户籍制度改革,加强产业集聚,建立和完善土地流转制度,将农民纳入社会保障体系等,是加快城镇化建设步伐的根本出路与必然路径.     

福建海峡西岸经济区城市群发展对策

海峡西岸经济区发展已经上升为国家层面的重大战略。在探讨城市群发展相关理论的基础上,合理分析福建海西区城市群发展环境：厦泉漳、福州、南三永三个城市群的发展及措施。之后,对福建海峡西岸经济区城市群发展的制约因素进行剖析,并提出相应的政策建议。结果显示：在区域城市群的协调和整体发展方面,要加快完善福建交通网络体系、推动海西区经济一体化的步伐,加大海岸、海岛、海洋的利用开发力度,发展县、乡特色产业和特色经济,为海西经济区发展提高完善的金融支持服务,充分发挥祖国统一前沿平台的优势。     

“Constitutionalizing” the corporation

To become effective instruments in the attainment of a sustainable society, corporations should have their constitutional status settled. Thus far, mainly by Supreme Court decisions, corporations have an uncertain status. They are “persons” under the Constitution and have certain rights; but unlike natural persons, they do not have concomitant constitutional duties. Corporations should be viewed as “private” governments exercising substantial power in society. They are, however, considered to be associations of individuals rather than divisions of society. The need is to legitimate their governing power by “constitutionalizing” them. That can be done by corporations accepting, or having imposed upon them, two principal constitutional duties. First, means should be developed whereby corporate officers routinely take the general good into account. That duty could be implemented by making “social impact statements,” analogous to but broader than the familiar environmental impact statements, before making important corporate decisions. Secondly, as “sociological communities,” corporate officers wield considerable power over members of those communities. A bill of rights similar to the Constitution's Bill of Rights is recommended so as to make corporate power that is necessary for achievement of societal goals as tolerable and decent as possible. Acceptance of those duties would make corporations parts of, not separate from, the greater corporation called society. They would be private, profit-making entities with a definite public function. Preferably, the duties should be voluntarily accepted. Congress, however, has undoubted constitutional power to impose both, should it so desire.     

大学生信仰教育是高校党校的必然使命

目前,高校党校信仰教育面临着社会现实与信仰教育的博弈、大学生自身问题不容忽视、多元化信仰的冲击等问题。因此,应该正确理解信仰教育的任务和重点,有效整合信仰教育的主要内容,准确把握信仰教育内化的规律,充分发挥信仰教育的榜样示范效益,完善信仰教育的媒介与载体,以进一步促进高校党校更出色地完成大学生信仰教育。     

What is macroeconomic causality?

The paper aims to develop an adequate account of macroeconomic causality. It discusses the definition that is central to Woodward’s interventionist account and the definitions that can be extracted from Hoover’s remarks on privileged parameterization and from the potential outcome approach that Angrist and Kuersteiner have introduced into macroeconomics more recently. The definition to be defended can be regarded as the gist that is common to all three definitions when they are relieved of overly restrictive conditions. It says (roughly) that X causes Y if and only if there is a possible intervention on X that changes Y, where X and Y stand for macroeconomic aggregates, where an intervention is understood as a manipulation of an intervention variable I that satisfies conditions requiring that I be a cause of X, and that there be no confounders of X and Y, and where an intervention variable is either a variable or a parameter.     

Development of a Fuzzy optimization model,supporting global warming decision-making

An increasing number of models have been developed to support global warming response policies. The model constructors are facing a lot of uncertainties which limit the evidence of these models. The support of climate policy decision-making is only possible in a semi-quantitative way, as presented by aFuzzy model. The model design is based on an optimization approach, integrated in a bounded risk decision-making framework. Given some regional emission-related and impact-related restrictions, optimal emission paths can be calculated. The focus is not only on carbon dioxide but on other greenhouse gases too. In the paper, the components of the model will be described. Cost coefficients, emission boundaries and impact boundaries are represented asFuzzy parameters. TheFuzzy model will be transformed into a computational one by using an approach of Rommelfanger. In the second part, some problems of applying the model to computations will be discussed. This includes discussions on the data situation and the presentation, as well as interpretation of results of sensitivity analyses. The advantage of theFuzzy approach is that the requirements regarding data precision are not so strong. Hence, the effort for data acquisition can be reduced and computations can be started earlier.     

An elephantine theory of depressions

In microeconomics a theory is thought to be, if not inadequate, then incomplete unless it can be interpreted as “telling a story.” Beavers and deers, perpetual plants, aging wine—these and other homely examples play a larger role in our assessment of the validity of theories than economists might want to admit. If we cannot find a plausible story, then the theory itself is often suspect. This criterion may be applied to macroeconomics too…     

What factors inspire the high entry flow in Taiwan's manufacturing industries–A count entry model approach

Why is the entry flow of the manufacturing sector extremely high in Taiwan, and does it contribute to the prevailing entrepreneurship? This article aims to explore what factors inspire potential entrants to go into an industry. Based on a theoretical formulation of the Poisson probability entry model, a count data model is employed to investigate the determinants of entry flows. The empirical results reveal that traditional entry barriers indeed lower the entry flow. The entry incentives, including price cost margin and industry growth, play a lesser role at attracting new firms, while alternatively the market size acts as a better proxy of an entry incentive in explaining entry flows. Incumbents’ responses to entry, R&;D and advertising intensity are found to be associated with a significant negative impact on entry flows. This article also finds that there is a higher bound of covariate of entry, about 10%, that can be attributed to the immeasurable personality of entrepreneurs–entrepreneurship.

Rather be the chicken's beak than be the cow's behind. 1 ¹?This proverb explains in terms the concept of choosing jobs as how one would like to be a leader of a small firm rather than an employee in a large enterprise.

The trade that might cause life hazard will be dealt, while the trade that might cause a loss will not be dealt.

Two traditional Chinese proverbs     

关于国内增值税改革的若干思考

增大减税力度,深化增值税转型改革对于多数企业的发展而言无疑是一良机,但转型改革本身也面临着诸多问题。应该建立增值税征收管理细则,进一步扩大增值税抵扣范围,进一步减轻小规模纳税人的税收负担,对劳动密集型企业给予适当倾斜,提高征管水平和税务人员素质,更大限度发挥改革对我国经济发展的促进作用。     

Energy efficiency promotion backfires under cap-and-trade

Major climate-cum-energy policies and respective impact projections rest on the widespread belief that increased energy efficiency can be equated with savings in energy use and emissions. This belief is flawed. Due to the rebound effect emissions savings from energy efficiency improvements will be generally less than what is technically feasible, or even be reversed. By means of an analytical general equilibrium model we demonstrate the latter to be true in a case that is both stark and relevant: if electricity generation is subject to a cap-and-trade scheme with partial coverage, increased efficiency of electric devices leads unambiguously to increased carbon emissions. The result implies that a proper distinction between the energy rebound and the carbon rebound is warranted, and that public policy must carefully consider the interactions between energy efficiency promotion and carbon pricing.     

保障国家石油安全需完善石油储备体系

建立石油储备体系、拥有适当的石油储备日益成为各国能源安全战略的重中之重。目前,不论从国内市场还是从外部环境来看,加快推进中国石油储备体系建设刻不容缓。完善中国石油储备体系,主要从以下几个方面着手：立法先行,建立和健全石油储备相关的法律法规;借鉴国外经验,建立符合中国国情的石油储备模式;分步实行,循序渐进确保石油储备规模;减少单一品种依赖,促进石油储备品种多样化;放松市场管制,培育多元化的石油储备主体;统筹考虑,科学合理布局规划石油储备基地;综合决策,建立多层次的石油储备筹资模式;密切关注国际形势变化,积极参与石油储备国际合作。     

Environmental self-auditing: setting the proper incentives for discovery and correction of environmental harm

Many firms conduct 'environmental audits' to test compliancewith a complex array of environmental regulations. Commentatorssuggest, however, that self-auditing is not as common as itshould be, because firms fear that what they find will be usedagainst them. This article analyzes self-auditing as a two-tieredincentive problem involving incentives both to test for andto effect compliance. After demonstrating the inadequacy ofconventional remedies, we show that incentives can be properlyaligned by conditioning fines on firms' investigative effort.In practice, however, the regulator may not be able to observesuch effort. Accordingly, we propose and evaluate the use ofthree observable proxies for self-investigation: the mannerin which the regulator detected the violation; the firm's owndisclosure of violations; and the firm's observed correctiveactions. Each method has its own efficiency benefits and informationalrequirements, and each is distinct from EPA's current auditpolicy.     

Interindustry wage differentials in dummy variable models

Normalized interindustry wage differentials à la Krueger and Summers [Krueger, A.B., Summers, L.H., 1988. Efficiency wages and the inter-industry wage structure. Econometrica 56, 259–293] derive from a general specification of wage equations with dummy variables which cannot be directly estimated. This note illustrates how they can be obtained from the coefficients of a more specific parameterization and how their estimated variances can be transformed accordingly.     

Distributing the Benefits from the Commons: A Square-Root Formula

What should be the distribution of the benefits of a fishery (or common-pool resource) where a group of fishers catch fish and sell it to consumers? I propose that, for each person i, where i is a fisher or a consumer, i's returns should be proportional to i's contributions. Unexpectedly, this implies that the fraction of benefits accruing to consumers must be √value of total output of fish/√value of total outputs of fish+√value of total fishers' labor.     

A study on the role of guanxi in entrepreneurship and employment

This paper examines the role of guanxi in influencing the decision of an individual to be an entrepreneur facing a risky technology or to become a worker facing an unemployment rate. Individuals are assumed to vary in terms of the strength of their established guanxi that could be utilized either to lower the set-up cost as entrepreneurs or to secure jobs as workers. Compared with the case where guanxi can only be used to reduce the individual's set-up cost to become an entrepreneur, it is shown that if guanxi can also help a worker find a job, then whether the employment rate might be improved or worsened will depend on the absolute risk aversion that is increasing or decreasing in income.     

Folk theorems with bounded recall under (almost) perfect monitoring

We prove the perfect-monitoring folk theorem continues to hold when attention is restricted to strategies with bounded recall and the equilibrium is essentially required to be strict. As a consequence, the perfect monitoring folk theorem is shown to be behaviorally robust under almost-perfect almost-public monitoring. That is, the same specification of behavior continues to be an equilibrium when the monitoring is perturbed from perfect to highly-correlated private.     

Waste, recycling, and “Design for Environment”: Roles for markets and policy instruments

Households sometimes have two recycling options. Curbside recycling collections are convenient, but do not provide payment. Alternatively, payment might be available from ‘reverse vending machines’ or drop-off centers, but some transaction costs would be incurred. We examine policies to encourage efficient product design and recycling in a setting with these two recycling options plus the option of putting recyclables in the trash. We find value in having two parallel recycling options. Constrained optimal outcomes can be attained by combining a ‘deposit–refund’ with a modest disposal fee. Furthermore, producers should not be permitted to keep deposits, that are not claimed by consumers.     

Net national emissions, CO2 taxation and the role of forestry

The concept of net national emissions suggests that accumulation of carbon in forestry should be taken into account when countries buy CO₂ permits or pay CO₂ taxes. The paper analyses the question of the correct tax/subsidy programme for giving proper incentives to forest owners and utilizers of wood. The analysis uses a dynamic general equilibrium model with productive capital and the stock of forests as state variables. It turns out that in a decentralized economy forest owners should be subsidized and CO₂ emissions should be taxed independently of whether they originates from wood or fossil fuels.