关于社会主义初级阶段的分配制度

社会主义初级阶段的分配制度是由所有制结构决定的。公有制决定按劳分配，按劳分配与劳动创造价值无关。私有制决定按要素分配，资本主义经济中不可能实行按劳分配。生产要素按贡献参与分配的原则，不是指分配方式，而是属于分配方式的具体实现形式的问题，要正确对待剥削和两极分化现象。公平是由社会经济关系决定的历史范畴。     

基于生态经济学的水质水量统一优化配置模型体系框架

用生态经济系统的概念、功能以及生态经济学的基本观点和原理,分析了水质水量统一优化配置问题;提出了水质水量统一优化配置的概念,分析了其内涵;阐述了水资源生态经济系统的生态经济阈和水质水量统一配置可行方案拟定的原则;依据生态经济系统结构优化限制性因素原理,构建了由配置方案生成模型和配置方案效果评价模型组成的水质水量统一优化配置模型体系框架。为水质水量统一优化配置研究提供了一种基本思路。     

基于群组层次分析法的配送绩效评价的研究

配送绩效评价是配送中心战略管理的一个重要组成部分,有效的配送绩效评价能帮助配送中心分析问题寻找差距,从而促使配送中心提高综合实力。本文探讨了配送中心配送活动的绩效评价指标体系和评价方法。从顾客满意度的角度出发构建了评价指标体系,对每个指标的内涵做了解释。建立了绩效评价模型,确定各指标的权重采用群组层次分析法,通过编程计算得出最终结果。目的是使配送活动在达到顾客一定满意度的前提下,总成本最低。     

股票收益率非正态性的蒙特卡罗模拟检验

现实金融数据的分布通常表现为厚尾性和不对称性,因此用正态分布拟合实际金融数据的分布有很大的局限性.文章利用广义双曲线分布的厚尾性和不对称性对1997年1月2日～2003年9月19日的上证综指日收益率分布分别做了正态分布、广义双曲线分布、正态逆高斯分布和双曲线分布的拟合及蒙特卡罗模拟检验,结果表明广义双曲线分布和正态逆高斯分布可以较好地拟合上证综指日收益率分布.另外,文章还建立了一个带噪声干扰的线性系统,对实际的股票收益率并不服从正态分布,而表现出尖峰厚尾的特征做出了一种可能的解释.     

The distribution approach to the aggregation of putty-clay production functions

The point of departure of the distribution approach is the efficiency distribution of the production units in an industry. From this distribution the full-capacity production function and the short-run aggregate production function of the industry are derived. The long-run production function of the industry then is derived from the full-capacity function and the short-run production function. Hence, in the context of the distribution approach the relation is analysed between the short-run, full-capacity and long-run aggregate production functions of the industry and the efficiency distribution (and related capacity distribution) of the production units in that industry. Finally, the distribution approach is applied for the case of the Japanese cotton spinning industry.     

EVALUATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE*

This article evaluates the distribution of public expenditure on subsidized goods and services over income categories. It is argued that undifferentiated application of usual measures of dispersion must be rejected when judging the distribution of these expenditures, because there are hardly any subsidized goods and services for which the government aims at equal consumption. Such an application requires a normative distribution of expenditure. The normative distribution of expenditure is derived from a normative distribution of consumption and the distribution of normative charges. Central elements are needs of consumers and their financial capacity. The normative distribution of consumption is based on government intentions with respect to the goods and services under consideration.     

转型社会中财政对收入分配的影响——基于我国不同发展阶段的理论实证

财政对收入分配的影响不仅限于再分配更在于初次分配环节。文章借助数理模型分析了我国不同阶段财政对收入分配的作用机制,研究表明:(1)财政制度安排影响要素分配和分配基本格局。初次分配格局确定后,再分配调节作用有限。长期中,财政将通过居民要素结构影响收入分配;(2)我国不同阶段的分配状况是财政体制和发展战略目标的必然结果;(3)构建和谐社会条件下,财政支出结构将有利于人力资本积累、提高收入水平、缩小收入差距。     

城市流通系统:研究现状与一个综合性框架

现代流通产业的发展演变过程是伴随着现代城市的产生与发展过程进行的,现代城市是现代流通产业的载体,而城市则因为流通产业的发展而发展、壮大.因而,流通问题与城市问题是密不可分的.目前城市流通问题的研究集中在商业地理学领域,而传统流通理论则游离于该领域之外,这种游离造成了该领域研究的一些问题.本文在比较全面地回顾和评述了国内外学者对城市流通问题研究现状的基础上提出了一个综合性的研究框架,以期为城市流通问题的研究提供新的视角.     

Some implications of anarchy for the distribution of property

A model of an anarchistic society is introduced and its implications for the distribution of income are considered. The economy is assumed to allocate one unit of an all-purpose completely divisible good to each individual in society. This initial distribution of income is changed through theft into a final distribution. The notion of equilibrium is introduced and the equilibrium distribution for a two-person example is displayed. Finally, the notion of orderly anarchy is discussed. An orderly anarchistic allocation of income is defined to be a distribution of income in which no effort is spent in stealing property from others. It is shown that every allocation in the core is an orderly anarchistic allocation and that the core is nonempty.     

THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION STATISTICS

In both political discussions and scientific literature the income distribution has come to occupy a central position for the consideration of social welfare and economic equalization. It has been assumed that an individual's income reflects his consumption opportunities and therefore his standard of living or economic welfare. The thesis of this paper is, however, that there are reasons for being quite pessimistic about drawing meaningful conclusions from income distribution data. As illustrated by the use of Swedish data, the distribution of income gives an extremely incomplete picture of the distribution of consumption for a wide variety of definitional and statistical reasons. The distribution of consumption, furthermore, cannot be transformed into a corresponding distribution of welfare, since there is no well defined concept of welfare. The treatment of public consumption in empirical analysis of the distribution of welfare also raises problems. The paper closes with the presentation of the conceptual basis for an alternative to the traditional method of analyzing the distribution of income.     

我国市场经济分配原则的理论基础

分配原则是对分配关系的高度概括,它至少涵盖分配的本源、分配的归属、分配的尺度和分配的规范评价等四个层次,作为对此进行解释的理论也体现出相应的层次性。试图用单一的理论来解释或说明分配的原则是不现实的。构建市场经济收入分配原则的理论基础要将劳动价值论、要素所有权论和要素贡献论结合起来。劳动价值论有助于说明分配对象的来源,揭示分配现象的社会本质,同时也能为评判分配的公正性提供依据;所有权理论则正确地解决了收入分配的最终归属问题;要素财富论为分配份额大小提供了理论说明。三个理论各有侧重,并相互补充,共同概括和说明了分配的表象和本质,从而为市场经济条件下的分配原则提供了多层次的理论基础。     

Higher-order generalizations of Arrow-Pratt and Ross risk aversion: A comparative statics approach

We analyze comparative risk aversion in a new way, through a comparative statics problem in which, for a cost, agents can shift from an initial probability distribution toward a preferred distribution. The Ross characterization arises when the original distribution is riskier than the preferred distribution and the cost is monetary, and the Arrow-Pratt characterization arises when the original distribution differs from the preferred distribution by a simple mean-preserving spread and the cost is a utility cost. Higher-order increases in risk lead to higher-order generalizations, and the comparative statics method yields a unified approach to the problem of comparative risk attitudes.     

Distribution Costs and International Trade: A Ricardian Model

This paper studies the role of the distribution sector in determining a country's pattern and terms of trade. The effect of an improvement in distribution technology is analyzed using a Ricardian trade model with an endogenous distribution sector. The results are found to depend on the magnitude of distribution costs relative to manufacturing costs and preference for distribution services in the trading countries. This has important implications for the Structural Impediments Initiative, which maintains that a more efficient distribution sector in Japan would benefit both the USA and Japan.     

个人收入分配的选择之道

收入分配关系到一国经济长期、稳定的发展。传统的分配理论关注的是个人拥有的资源禀赋和国家政策与个人收入的关系,将收入分配看成是不受个人影响的因素决定的,忽视个人在收入分配中的作用。本文试图从个人的信息量的不平衡、需求偏好、风险偏好以及决策后形成的扩散效应来分析个人选择对收入初次分配和再次分配的影响。     

也谈价值、分配等问题--与程恩富、汪桂进两位先生商榷

现实中的价值分配与价值创造相关,主张价值分配与价值创造无关是不正确的;社会主义市场经济中劳动者的资本收入具有劳动收入的性质,以为资本创造价值或者资本收入是非劳收入是不正确的;现阶段的按要素分配只是分配的表现形式,其实质则是按劳分配。     

中国通货膨胀预期形成机制的探析

作者通过人民银行发布的《全国储户问卷调查综述》中关于物价预期的原始数据,假定居民的物价判断分别服从差额法、正态分布、均匀分布以及逻辑分布的情况下,分别计算了不同分布下的通胀预期,并对其进行了适应性与理性检验。研究结果表明,通胀预期形成机制的的判断主要取决于我国居民对于物价的预期所服从的分布,这直接影响着我国抑制通胀的手段与策略的选择。     

论分配方式的演变逻辑

分配方式的实质在于要素产权的分配。从历史看 ,要素产权随着生产力发展水平和经济组织形式的发展而变化 ,因此 ,分配方式也在不断变化。分配方式的演变经历了三个阶段 :农业经济时期 ,工业经济时期和知识经济时期。物的要素产权和人力资本产权不断融合是分配方式演变的方向。     

论按生产要素分配的依据

确立按生产要素分配的依据 ,首先要分清两个问题 :一是不能将价值创造和价值分配相混淆 ;二是按生产要素分配的依据不是要素价值论。按生产要素分配在马克思的劳动价值论中找不到依据 ,似乎在西方经济学的“三位一体公式”中可以找到依据。但按生产要素的贡献大小来决定分配 ,其中生产要素贡献大小的量无法确定。克拉克依据生产率递减规律 ,用边际产品收益来测算生产要素的报酬 ,存在着一系列无法解决的难题 ,因而是不科学的。按生产要素分配的依据只能是生产要素所有者的所有权在经济上的实现形式。     

STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME BY SIZE: THE CASE OF INDIA

The interrelation between changes in the economic structure, i.e., industrial distribution of income and labor force, and the size distribution of income is studied in this paper in a case study of India (1951–1960).
The change in the size distribution of income is the sum of changes due to (1) inter-sectoral factors and (2) intra-sectoral factors. The need for this distinction is emphasized by the result obtained for India, that 85% of the changes in the size distribution may be assigned to inter-sectoral factors, and only 15% to intra-sectoral factors. Since the inter-sectoral factors are significantly influenced by changes in the industrial distribution of income and labor force, our result points out a relation between economic growth and the size distribution which quite often is overlooked in studies of the size distribution.
The results obtained in this paper support several cross-section results of Professor Kuznets. In particular some of these are: (a) inter-sectoral inequality in the economic structure widened with economic growth, (b) the inequality in the size distribution of India widened, (c) the level of inequality in India is higher than in any of the eight developed countries considered.     

经济增长过程中工资分配的变动——基于中国经济数据的实证分析

工资分配是居民共享经济增长成果的具体体现.工资分配的变动与技术进步使用偏向有关,本文认为,技术进步偏向利用资本、节约劳动时,工资分配比重呈下降趋势;技术进步偏向利用劳动、节约资本时,工资分配的比重呈上升趋势.并通过实证分析指出,我国工资分配比重下降是技术进步偏向于使用资本、节约劳动造成的,进而揭示提高居民工资分配比重,必须推动我国技术进步的使用偏向由利用资本、节约劳动向使用劳动、节约资本的方向转变.