居民休闲消费不平等研究——以北京市为例

休闲消费蕴含休闲时间消费和休闲消费支出。本文以北京市为例，探讨居民休闲消费不平等问题。研究发现，休闲时间消费和休闲消费支出不平等现象日趋显著。本文通过K means均值聚类刻画了休闲时间消费差异。构建回归模型发现，休闲时间和收入是影响休闲消费支出的主要因素，随着年份的推移，休闲时间逐渐成为影响“有钱无闲”群体休闲消费支出的主要因素，收入的拉动作用逐渐弱化。对于“有闲无钱”群体，虽然增加该群体收入能有效提高其休闲消费水平，但收入与年份交叉项并不显著。     

Optimal growth when consumption takes time

This article analyzes a one‐sector growth model where the consumption takes time. When the consumption takes time, the consumption set is compact and we meet satiety. However, we prove that dynamic constraints are binding. This result is crucial to prove that, under well‐known assumptions in macroeconomic dynamic programming, the optimal path is monotonic and always converges to a unique nontrivial steady state as in the case where consumption is timeless.     

Optimal Intertemporal Consumption and Involuntary Memories of Consumption

Recent studies introduce the notion of treating autobiographical memories of past pleasurable experiences as assets and expanding the discounted utility model to include the utility of memories of past consumption. Recent studies in psychology have found that involuntary autobiographical memories are common in everyday life. This paper builds on these two strands in the literature by expanding the discounted utility model to include the utility of involuntary memories of past consumption. Optimal control theory is used to develop a continuous‐time optimal consumption model that takes into account the fact that consumption may generate involuntary memories that arrive at random times. The model is used in an in‐depth analysis of optimal consumption with memories. It is shown that memories shift consumption to earlier times. This effect gets weaker as the time horizon gets longer, and it vanishes entirely when the time horizon is infinite.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF REAL INCOME

This paper is about the theory of the measurement of real income. By "theory of measurement" I mean the characterization of statistical terms as variables in a model, just as real consumption is characterized as an indicator of utility and the consumer price index is characterized as the cost of attaining a given level of utility in the economic theory of index numbers developed by Konus, Frisch and others half a century ago. I identify five logically distinct and internally-consistent concepts of real income: maximum sustainable consumption, consumption plus the output of new capital goods, consumption plus the increase in the capital stock where capital can be measured in two quite separate ways, and the sum of actual consumption and consumption forgone in the investment process. The last of these concepts is the most appropriate as a guide to producing long time series of real income for measuring a country's rate of economic growth.     

Deep habits in consumption: a spatial panel analysis using scanner data

Using scanner data from a large European retailer, this paper empirically assesses deep habit formation in consumption. Deep habit formation constitutes a possible source of price stickiness and helps to mimic procyclical labour and real wage dynamics that are present in macrodata. To gauge the existence and the extent of deep habits in consumption, we estimate a dynamic time–space simultaneous model for consumption expenditure at different levels of product aggregation. This spatial panel model enables us to test for both internal and external deep habit formation at the same time. The former captures inertia or persistence in consumption and is included in the empirical specification as a time lag. The latter captures preference interdependence across households and is captured by a spatial lag. Our results show mixed evidence with respect to internal habit formation, whereas the external habit effect is almost always positive and significant.     

Consumption,preferences, and the evolutionary agenda

The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary evolutionary account of preferences, consumption and demand. This is particularly relevant for the study of innovation which offers consumers the opportunity to develop new behaviours. The paper approaches this question in two stages. First it recognises the importance of time as well as income constraints on consumer behaviour. Secondly, it develops a behavioural approach to consumption routines in terms of Herrnstein's concept of meloriation. In this account the focus is upon activities for which commodities and time are inputs and, with innovation, time is rescheduled on many fronts. Consumer learning is related to a replicator dynamic process. It is shown how changes in wages, prices and the time required to consume influence the demand for activities.     

老年人旅游消费影响因素的实证研究——以洪山区为例

通常的研究认为,消费与收入有关,旅游消费也不例外。对洪山区老年旅游者进行问卷调查和实证分析,得到如下结论：影响老年人旅游消费的主要因素是个人旅游偏好和空余时间的安排;同时,老年人大都关注体力和健康因素,而对花费和经济因素则一般不太关注。最后,基于实证研究的结论对如何提高中国老年人旅游需求提出了增强旅游资源的宣传发展特色旅游、加大政府投入,完善基础设施,提高服务水平等建议。     

中国农业生产能源消费影响因素的实证分析——基于固定效应模型

利用2000—2008年中国30个省(自治区、直辖市)农业生产能源消费的面板数据,采用固定效应模型,实证分析了农业生产能源消费的影响因素。研究结果显示:农业经济增长、农业从业人数、机械化水平及过去消费习惯与农业生产能源消费正相关;能源价格与农业生产能源消费负相关;农业固定资产投资在短期内对农业生产能源消费的影响有限。当前节约农业生产能源消费应从改革能源价格机制、更新改造农机和改变不合理的生产方式等方面入手。     

中国农村居民效用测算研究——基于综合比例效用恒等式的检验及应用

文章基于西方经济学主流效用理论对消费者的效用测算问题没有给出明确答案这一事实,探索构建比例效用理论推导综合比例效用恒等式,并利用我国2001-2010年27个省份农村居民收入消费数据的面板SUR模型对综合比例效用恒等式进行了验证,同时测算了农村居民效用水平。结果显示:(1)农村居民效用水平在2001-2005年间较高,但下降趋势明显,2006-2010年间保持稳中略升;(2)河南、西藏和四川长期处于消费不足状态,山东长期处于消费过度状态;(3)中等收入省份农村居民消费潜力最大。     

Sustainable development,the Hartwick rule and optimal growth

Defining sustainable development as non-declining utility, the consistency of this concept with the Hartwick rule and optimal growth is explored when resources are exhaustible. A simple proof that a generalized Hartwick rule is necessary and sufficient for constant consumption is derived. The existence of a maximal constant consumption path is shown to depend critically on the elasticity of substitution; if this is less than 1, consumption declines; if it is greater than 1 then consumption is not maximal; if it is equal to 1 (the Cobb-Douglas case) then existence is proved. Consumption can increase along an optimal path if the pure rate of time preference is 0; if it is non-zero then consumption declines.     

Fashion and wealth accumulation

Summary. This paper examines the influence of fashion on wealth accumulation in an economy with two groups of agents. Fashion is modelled as an externality generated by a particular dependence of individual agents' time preference on the two groups' per-capita consumption habits. It is shown that fashion causes excessive wealth fluctuations in the sense that stronger and more persistent fashion is more likely to generate limit cycles in wealth. Opposite to intuitive arguments , however, the externality in fashion does not necessarily generate instability in wealth. In a special case, equilibrium consumption and wealth are stable but the optimal ones that internalize the externality are locally unstable. Whether equilibrium consumption is excessive relative to optimal consumption depends on the distribution as well as the aggregate level of wealth. Received: December 15, 1995; revised version: July 21, 1998     

技术进步、结构变动与改善国民经济中间消耗

本文利用历年的投入产出数据,对中国1992年以来中间消耗水平的变化趋势进行了分析。通过三大产业部门直接消耗系数矩阵和中间需求消耗矩阵时间序列研究了技术进步、产业结构变动及价格变化对整个国民经济中间消耗水平的影响。研究表明,在这一时期,技术进步对降低国民经济中间消耗的水平和改善经济增长效率做出了贡献,但由于价格关系的改变和中间消耗水平较高的部门比重增加,用现行价格反映的整个国民经济的中间消耗率反而是上升的。要改变这一趋势,保持我国的可持续发展,提高各部门的投入产出效率,要和产业结构的调整和升级结合起来。在这一分析的基础上,本文探讨了降低整个国民经济中间消耗水平的具体途径。     

Consumption in a vacuum

In recent years, economics has paid increasing attention to the phenomenon of consumption. Insights from outside of the mainstream and from outside of economics proper have found inroads as well. Largely neglected in previous decades, consumption theory in economics was the exclusive domain for technical discussions only for a long time, as the articles selected by the late Kevin Lancaster show. Consumption of many goods is, however, highly symbolic—consumption behavior is in large part about institutionalized communication where instrumental considerations do not necessarily play an important role. Some of the most promising ideas that can be developed further in economics to better understand consumption behavior are presented.     

Consumption in a vacuum

In recent years, economics has paid increasing attention to the phenomenon of consumption. Insights from outside of the mainstream and from outside of economics proper have found inroads as well. Largely neglected in previous decades, consumption theory in economics was the exclusive domain for technical discussions only for a long time, as the articles selected by the late Kevin Lancaster show. Consumption of many goods is, however, highly symbolic—consumption behavior is in large part about institutionalized communication where instrumental considerations do not necessarily play an important role. Some of the most promising ideas that can be developed further in economics to better understand consumption behavior are presented.     

International Trade and the Value of Time

I discuss a generalized Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) model in which consumption requires time as well as money (as in Becker's theory of the allocation of time) and the amount of work that a worker can do per unit of time—her “ability”—varies from country to country. High ability implies high income per hour, which implies a high value of time and, therefore, high consumption of the good that is more “time‐saving.” Therefore, if domestic production of this good is not commensurately high, it would have to be imported. In this way, I demonstrate that international differences in worker ability constitute an independent source of gains from trade. The model is able to explain several observed features of North–South trade that are not explained by the HOV model. The theoretical possibility of a Leontief paradox‐type trade pattern is also demonstrated.     

对北京市居民食品消费倾向的实证研究

扩展线性支出系统(ELES模型)是目前研究居民消费的较为理想的工具.运用面板数据对北京市居民的食品消费状况进行ELES分析,结果显示随着居民收入的提高,食品的边际消费倾向显著下降,从而印证了恩格尔定律的假说,说明居民的消费结构正在实现从满足基本生活需要向提高生活质量的转型.同时,对需求收入弹性的分析表明,居民的食品消费已趋于稳定,对食品数量的追求已逐渐被质量追求所替代.     

Inter-temporal choices with temporal reference dependence

I develop an intertemporal choice model for rational deviators whose preferences depend not only on their actual consumption but also on comparison to their beliefs about the optimal consumption. The standard decision maker is loss averse with respect to this belief-dependent reference point. When psychologically weighted loss aversion is low, a decision maker deviates from the standard intertemporal choice behavior and over-consumption, as well as the alternative possibility of under-consumption can be rationalized. When the decision maker has time-varying degrees of loss aversion, he re-optimizes the consumption plan through adjusted beliefs as subsequent selves realize that past decision for the present period is no longer optimal. In the dynamic model, I solve for consistent intertemporal optimization rules by which a dynamic deviator should meet rational intertemporal consistency at each point in time. Finally, I demonstrate that the dynamic reference dependent model can solve a puzzling feature in lifecycle consumption data.     

Alcohol consumption and alcohol advertising bans

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between alcohol advertising bans and alcohol consumption. Most prior studies have found no effect of advertising on total alcohol consumption. A simple economic model is provided which explains these prior results. The data set used in this study is a pooled time series of data from 20 countries over 26 years. The empirical model is a simultaneous equations system which treats both alcohol consumption and alcohol advertising bans as endogenous. The primary conclusions of this study are that alcohol advertising bans decrease alcohol consumption and that alcohol consumption has a positive effect on the legislation of advertising bans. The results indicate that an increase of one ban could reduce alcohol consumption by 5% to 8%. The alcohol price elasticity is estimated at about 0.2. The results suggest that recent exogenous decreases in alcohol consumption will decrease the probability of enactment of new bans and undermine the continuance of existing bans. Canada, Denmark, New Zealand and Finland have recently rescinded alcohol advertising bans. Alcohol consumption in these countries may increase or decrease at a slower rate than would have occurred had advertising bans remained in place.     

Cointegration, Government Spending and Private Consumption: Evidence from Japan

Assuming a CRRA preference, this paper shows that there is a cointegration restriction implied by the intra-temporal first-order condition in the consumption function. This restriction predicts a cointegrated system of government consumption, private consumption, and their relative price. Our analysis indicates that, first, Johansen's VECM confirms the theoretical prediction that is supported by the data of Japan; moreover, Bierens' (1997) nonparametric estimator severely contradicts with the theoretical model and fits the data poorly; second, Japanese people have increasing willingness to rearrange their consumption over time. Besides, the intratemporal relationship between private and government consumption remains relatively stable over time.     

Risk Pooling, Precautionary Saving and Consumption Growth

In this paper we model the evolution of income risk and consumption growth. We decompose the time series innovation of the income process into its common and cohort-specific components. From these we compute conditional variances which are used as separate risk terms in a consumption growth equation. Using a long series of British household data we exploit the time-series variation to identify precautionary saving effects and find strong evidence of their importance. Specifically, after allowing for demographic and labour market status, there is an independent role for income risk in explaining consumption growth. Rather than the component that is common across cohorts, however, it is the cohort-specific element that is important in determining changes in consumption growth. This result points to a failure of between-cohort insurance mechanisms.