Interdependence and spillovers: is firm performance affected by others’ innovation activities?

The creation of new knowledge is a case in which agents' behaviour can affect the performance of other actors positively, given that new knowledge creates positive externalities in the market. In this context, we investigate the existence of performance spillovers associated with innovation activities by quantifying the innovation produced in surrounding firms and controlling for the fact that a firm is itself an innovation producer. We use data from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) that measures innovation in a broad way, not reducing it to R&D and patents, which departs from previous literature on spillovers. Furthermore, to tackle the endogeneity of the innovation variables on the firm production decision, we resort to the firm intellectual property protection methods as an instrument. We found a positive spillover of innovation on firm value added. The results also show that process innovation spillovers are more prevalent than product innovation spillovers.     

高技术产业集群中技术创新与扩散的系统基模分析与政策解析

技术扩散(或知识溢出)是企业集群发展的一个主要诱因,但是技术扩散(或知识溢出)的微观过程依然是一个"黑箱"。将高技术产业集群看成一个系统,应用系统动力学的方法,建立了技术创新动力成长上限基模、技术扩散动力成长上限基模、知识生产与搭便车者两败俱伤基模、知识生产富者愈富基模、集群成长与投资不足基模、集群创新舍本逐末基模、集群发展饮鸩止渴基模共7个系统基模,用以揭示高技术产业集群中技术创新、技术扩散、知识生产、集群成长与集群发展之间因果关系的作用机理及运作机制,并对基模根本解作了政策解析。     

Threshold effect of international technology spillovers on China's regional economic growth

ABSTRACT

This study uses China's provincial panel data for 2003–2016 to estimate the turning point of technology spillovers promoting economic growth in the coastal and inland areas. The results show that the turning point in coastal areas is significantly higher than that in inland areas. However, improved absorptive capacity as a result of regional disparity increases the threshold of technology spillovers from promotion to suppression in inland areas but decreases it in coastal areas. Then, this study further tests the threshold characteristics of absorptive capacity factors influencing international technology spillovers using a double-threshold regression model and estimates the threshold values of both forward and reverse spillovers from the viewpoint of knowledge context, economic development, opening degree and human resources infrastructure. In conclusion, the effect of absorptive capacity factors on international spillovers is nonlinear, that is, when absorptive capacity factors are between the two threshold values, technology spillovers are maximised.     

知识溢出、企业内生技术创新与城市经济

知识溢出对企业创新的影响不容忽视。由于知识存量的不同,溢出的便利程度不同,城乡之间在知识溢出的质和量上都体现出巨大的差异,这是企业定位于城市的重要原因,但企业间知识吸收能力是存在差异的,并在此基础上形成了企业内生技术创新能力的异质,这种异质使得城市经济的发展呈现出显著的个体差异。知识溢出和技术创新能力的对比决定着城市的发展命运。     

Co-creation as a risk-sharing strategy for the development of innovative EUV lithography technology in the semiconductor industry

Co-creation is becoming an innovative way for new technology development (NTD). We propose a four-staged co-creation model drawn upon a backdrop of ‘knowledge cloud’ for value creation and long-term customer commitment resulting in risk-sharing associated with NTD. The model is elaborated through the case of a leading semiconductor lithography equipment manufacturer (ASML) developing a new extreme ultraviolet lithography technology by engaging the major stakeholders in customer co-investment programme. The model is generic and applicable to any technology-driven industry and may include more stakeholders of same or allied technology.     

B2B情境下顾客参与对新产品绩效的影响

如何利用和开发顾客资源是目前企业新产品研发实践中亟待解决的问题。基于生产商视角,以B2B市场为背景,探讨顾客参与行为对新产品绩效转化的内在影响机制,通过构建一个中介模型,提出知识整合机制在顾客参与行为与新产品绩效间起中介作用的假设。使用SPSS18.0和Amos18.0对中国东部沿海企业调查数据及问卷进行信度和效度分析,并运用线性回归统计方法对上述假设进行检验发现,知识整合机制在顾客参与行为与新产品绩效之间起中介作用。     

Finance constraints and technology spillovers from foreign to domestic firms

Scholars have suggested that externalities such as technology spillovers to domestic firms from the entry and presence of foreign firms – i.e., Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) spillovers – arise only when domestic firms possess adequate absorptive capacity. But they have also maintained a predominantly technological focus in their conceptualization of absorptive capacity, treating it mostly as a function of domestic firms' technological investments. Yet, several anecdotes point to finance constraints being equally important hurdles to absorbing technology. Given the comparatively scant attention to finance constraints in the FDI spillover literature, we present theoretical arguments and a counterfactual simulation for how finance constraints influence firms' realization of FDI spillovers. In the process, we identify two mechanisms underlying why firms facing high finance constraints experience lower FDI spillovers. (125 words).     

Absorptive capacity, efficiency effect and competitors�� spillovers

Standard innovation surveys do not consider incoming spillovers for non-innovative firms. As a consequence, empirical works may overestimate the absorptive capacity effect, particularly among competitors. The Swiss innovation surveys presented here measure the importance of knowledge for both innovating and non-innovating firms. This original feature enables us to show that knowledge from rivals actually deters manufacturing firms from engaging in R&D activities. We therefore provide stronger evidence that the efficiency effect due to intra-industry spillovers is larger than that generally estimated by data from standard surveys. The R&D based absorptive capacity is weaker than expected, and non-innovative firms as well as non-R&D firms heavily rely on their rivals’ knowledge to maintain their technological capacities.     

生产性服务业FDI技术溢出效应的空间计量分析

构建空间面板计量模型,考察了我国生产性服务业FDI对工业企业的空间技术溢出效应,研究结果表明,生产性服务业FDI在省域之间有显著的空间自相关性和正空间溢出效应,说明生产性服务业FDI的引进应该在跨区域的范围内统筹兼顾,欠发达地区可以充分利用发达地区引进的生产性服务业外资,推动技术进步与产业升级,发达地区则可以借机扩大其生产性服务业的规模经济,加快城市转型。     

R&D spillover effects on firms’ export behavior: evidence from South Korea

This paper investigates the spillover effects of R&D investments made by foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) and domestic firms on their export activities, using a manufacturing firm-level panel dataset from South Korea. The theoretical framework predicts two conflicting spillover effects: positive technology spillovers and negative market rivalry spillovers. Thus, the net spillover effect is determined by the relative degree of the two conflicting spillovers. The empirical results show that negative intra-industry spillovers exist from the R&D of foreign MNEs on the export performance of firms, which implies that, in general, negative market rivalry spillovers dominate positive technology spillovers. However, notably, in the case of firms equipped with absorptive capacity, the negative spillovers can be alleviated; firms can gain positive spillovers by muting negative ones. Firms without absorptive capacity cannot avoid such negative effects. This paper shows that absorptive capacity is vital in capturing positive spillovers as firms build competency by accumulating their own know-how and improving their ability to capture better external technologies.     

The Role of Capacity Management in Manufacturing Strategy: Experiences from the Australian Wine Industry

There has been little research focused on identifying the position and role of capacity management in strategic manufacturing decision making. This research presents the findings of a major investigation into strategic capacity management in the Australian wine industry. The research found that advanced processing technology is being used as part of a strategy for increasing capacity in this industry. It was also found that supply dependability and product cost/price were the most important competitive priorities for wine production, after product quality. All three of these were found to be directly influenced by the level of capacity management. The importance of capacity management varied, depending on the category of wine producer (32 different categories were identified). It was also determined that the strategic position of capacity management in the manufacturing decision making process is linked to production planning and control, quality control and assurance and plant and equipment.     

中间品技术溢出双门槛效应分析

通常认为,某产业自身进口中间品（Term）和其它产业进口中间品（Tram）对该产业的技术溢出均存在公司规模过大或过小的双门槛效应。基于我国中低技术产业数据,结合公司规模相关理论,采用非线性动态面板回归技术来检验门槛效应。结果表明,Tram对我国中低技术产业的技术溢出不存在公司规模门槛效应,而Term的技术溢出存在公司规模双门槛效应。且当中低技术产业的公司规模小于0.869 097亿元总产值/个时,系数显著为正,暗示我国中低技术产业总体公司规模过于庞大,在吸收外部知识溢出时不具备充分的灵活性。     

Technology Gap Matters on Spillover

This paper develops an oligopoly model with endogenous technology spillovers through foreign direct investment (FDI). The foreign entrant brings a superior technology and therefore may spend resources to prevent spillovers of its technology to the home firm. The home firm has an incentive to spend resources to gain these spillovers. After firms strategically choose their expenditures to influence technology spillovers, they compete in a Cournot–Nash quantity game. This study provides theoretical insight on the positive and negative empirical spillover results of FDI on productivity of local firms. Up to a critical bound, the larger the initial technology gap between the foreign and home firms, the more the home firm spends to gain spillovers. Past that boundary, the home firm decreases spending. As a result, the home firm's profits from spillovers vary, but larger technology gaps engender greater net profit losses from FDI.     

Foreign direct investment and spillovers: gradualism may be better

Abstract.  The standard argument says that in the presence of positive spillovers foreign direct investment should be promoted and subsidized. In contrast, this paper claims that the very existence of spillovers may require temporarily restricting FDI. Our argument is based on two features of spillovers: they are limited by the economy's absorptive capacity and they take time to materialize. By letting in capital more gradually, initial investment has the time to create spillovers – and upgrade the economy's absorptive capacity – before further investment occurs. The economy converges to a steady state with a superior technology and a greater capital stock.     

企业—顾客关系影响顾客参与新产品开发的多路径模型

尽管顾客参与新产品开发的重要性已经得到广泛认同,然而到目前,尚未有文献对企业—顾客关系影响顾客参与的问题进行过系统研究。本文在引入关系投资与相互依赖的基础上,通过构建多路径影响模型,运用中国企业的实证数据揭示企业—顾客关系对顾客参与新产品开发的系统影响。结果发现,关系投资对承诺、信任与相互依赖,相互依赖对承诺和顾客参与,信任对承诺,承诺对顾客参与有显著积极影响。但是,关系投资对顾客参与,相互依赖对信任,信任对顾客参与的影响不显著。     

技术差距、军用成果转化率与军事工业研发竞争研究

在军民融合深度发展背景下,需要引导民品企业参与军事工业研发,以改进武器装备长期以来高端供给能力不足的问题。当前情况下,民品企业与军工企业间存在着技术差距,同时军用成果转化率不高造成技术溢出不对称。通过建立博弈模型,分析技术差距和军用成果转化率对军工企业、民品企业研发竞争的影响。结果发现,技术差距和军用成果转化率都不同程度影响民品企业研发意愿,阻碍民品企业参与竞争;军民企业间保持适度的技术差距和提高军用成果转化率可以提升社会研发总效率。此外,促使军工企业和民品企业共同研发,可以使社会研发效率帕累托改进效果更好。     

Trade, Human Capital, and Technology Spillovers: an Industry-level Analysis

This paper studies whether trade promotes North–South and South–South technology spillovers at the industry level, and how the absorptive capacity of the South affects the impact of the technology spillovers. Using data from 16 manufacturing industries in 25 developing countries from 1976 to 1998, the paper shows: (i) North–South trade‐related R&D has a substantial impact on total factor productivity in the South; (ii) South–South trade‐related R&D also promotes technology spillovers but with a smaller magnitude; and (iii) human capital is very important in facilitating North–South and South–South technology spillovers: an increase in human capital could lead to over three times the size of technology spillovers from an increase in trade‐related foreign R&D.     

A structural model of the transition to agriculture

I develop a model of the transition to agriculture that can be estimated using cross-cultural data on the incidence of agriculture. The model allows for endogenous growth effects in which population density and technological sophistication are symbiotically related, and also allows for technological spillovers from centers of civilization. The model describes conditions under which population density and technological sophistication are likely to cause a switch to agriculture. Results suggest that endogenous growth affects are absent among hunter gatherers, but that technological spillovers are important in generating a switch to agriculture, and in generating technological change. Technology appears to diffuse more slowly along the north-south axis than along the east-west axis. Among agricultural peoples, endogenous growth effects appear to be present and important—a society that is 10% more technologically sophisticated has a population density about 5% larger, and a society with a 10% higher population density is on average 5% more technologically sophisticated. Hunter-gatherer population density appears to be independent of technology, but elastic with respect to environmental factors such as rainfall and habitat diversity.      

中国政企客户移动信息化现状及策略研究

随着4G时代移动通信技术的发展,政企客户移动信息化市场成为中国电信运营企业发展战略中的重要战场。文章通过分析政企客户市场现状、移动信息化短板,采用德尔菲法构建影响政企客户移动信息化的指标体系,提出电信运营企业应在市场环境、产品价值、协同保障、员工能力、团队建设、创新投入、用户需求这七方面实施发展策略,从而提升电信运营企业的市场竞争力和客户感知度,促进中国政企客户移动信息化发展。     

Foreign Direct Investment, Licensing, and Incentives for Innovation

In a two-period duopoly model, this paper considers a foreign firm's choice between licensing and FDI and studies the relative impact of these modes of technology transfer on the incentives for innovation of that firm and its domestic rival. Relative to licensing, FDI limits technology spillovers to the domestic firm but dissipates more rents in the product market. Internalization allows the foreign firm to build on an existing technological advantage. While the local firm develops its best technology if initial licensing is followed by FDI, the foreign firm transfers the most efficient technology under FDI in both periods.