A Spatial Structural Decomposition Analysis of Chinese and Japanese Energy Demand: 1985–1990

This paper proposes a spatial structural decomposition analysis to measure the effects of the changes in intra- and inter-country linkages on the embodied energy demand in the concerned country. For the empirical analysis, we have used the China- Japan inter-country input–output tables for 1985 and 1990, expressed in constant prices of 1990. The empirical results reveal that (1) at least for the period between 1985 and 1990, the effects of the non-competitive input structural changes in China on the primary energy requirements of Japan were negligible, and (2) the contribution of the Japanese final demand shifts on the total change in Chinese primary energy demand was 40 times larger than that of the Chinese final demand shifts on the primary energy requirements of Japan. The Japanese policy makers should concentrate on the energy impacts of the changes in the domestic production structure rather than the changes in the Chinese production structure.     

Public transit bus procurement: The role of energy prices,regulation and federal subsidies

The U.S. public transit system represents a multi-billion dollar industry that provides essential transit services to millions of urban residents. We study the market for new transit buses that features a set of non-profit transit agencies purchasing buses primarily from a few domestic bus makers. In contrast with private passenger vehicles, the fuel economy of public buses has not improved during the last thirty years and is irresponsive to fuel price changes. To understand these findings, we build a model of bus fleet management decisions of public transit agencies that yields testable hypotheses. Our empirical analysis of bus fleet turnover and capital investment highlights the role of energy prices, environmental regulations, and the “Buy America” mandate associated with receiving federal funding to purchase public transit buses.     

A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL PASSENGER DEMAND FOR THE STATE RAILWAY OF THAILAND

This paper presents a time series regression model to estimate annual passenger demand for the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). The model was developed for a time period of 15 years (1974–1988), incorporating such variables as the country's gross domestic product (GDP), SRT passenger fares, competing intercity bus fares, and a dummy variable of the Fifth National Five Year Plan advocating a railway-favored modal shift policy. This simple but useful model analysis estimated the demand elasticities as: 0.907 with respect to real GDP; -0.970 with respect to real SRT fare; and 0.808 with respect to real bus fare. Remarkable manufacturing-oriented economic development of Thailand in recent years played an important part in recent SRT demand increases. As the relatively high own and cross fare elasticity estimates imply, the SRT is concerned about demand loss to competing intercity bus services, and has thus been keeping fare levels low. The model analysis also estimated a demand gain of 12.3% due to the modal shift policy during the Fifth Plan period, suggesting effectiveness of the policy.     

公交优先信号控制优化方法

根据信号交叉口理论,在以往信号延误研究的基础上,考虑到公交车辆平均载客数远大于社会车辆平均载客数,以减少交叉口人总延误最小为系统优化目标,分析并推导了公交优先信号控制优化模型,并用具体的实例说明了公式的用法。研究结果表明,交叉口人均延误减少量与公交车流率及优先时间的长短有关。运用该优化方法能够明显降低交叉口的人均延误,有效保证公交车的准时性,是减少公交车延误的一种可行、有效的方式。     

LRN 2016 SPECIAL – high capacity vehicles and modal shift from rail to road: combining macro and micro analyses

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses a road transport policy of allowing high capacity vehicles (HCVs) on the roads. The purpose is to examine the effect reduced road transport costs from HCVs can have on a modal shift. Two studies of HCV implementation in Sweden were combined. A micro-based case study modelled the distribution network of a major retailer in scenarios based on actual cost and flow data. A macro analysis was conducted of the cross-elasticity between rail and road combined with detailed price changes for lorries considering the product characteristics in different industries. The results show the long-term effects of HCVs on the modal shift for heavier, and heavier and longer vehicles. The combined approach triangulates the results and highlights the effects of logistics decision-making, transport network characteristics, and time. It emphasises linkages between modal shift and road transport efficiency, price reductions, geographical characteristics, product types, train organisation, and the capacity of HCVs.     

Extracting Embodied Energy Paths from Input–Output Tables: Towards an Input–Output-based Hybrid Energy Analysis Method

Embodied energy is defined as the energy consumed in all activities necessary to support a process, including upstream processes. The Leontief inverse input–output (IO) matrix gives results that are practically complete, because of the aggregation of direct and indirect requirements, but which are also unreliable, because of inherent assumptions. Although accurate for the system boundary considered, process analysis results are incomplete relative to the pure IO system boundary. Attempts to combine process and IO analysis tend to be based on process analysis data. The system boundary is still significantly incomplete—although not as incomplete as for pure process analysis. An IO-based hybrid analysis technique that requires the extraction of particular paths from the direct IO matrix has been developed. The potential for embodied energy paths to be used as the basis for a hybrid analysis of the Australian residential building sector is discussed. The results indicate that less than three-quarters of the total embodied energy of this sector is likely to be able to be validated, because of the complexity of the embodied energy paths.     

A multivariate analysis of hybrid and electric vehicles sales in Mexico

This paper presents a multivariate analysis considering economic and ecological factors that are associated with the acquisition of low emission vehicles in Mexico. We analyzed the data available in the Mexican context from its 32 states and use econometric analyses with linear regression models to determine the significant factors associated with the sales of hybrid and electric vehicles. We found that the sales of these vehicles are positively correlated with the GDP per capita, the cost of consumed electricity, the price of gasoline and an indicator variable defined for sustainable practices. This indicator variable is calculated using data on the certificates issued by the government environmental office, energy intensity, adequate disposal of waste and waste separation. Based on these results, we infer that adherence to sustainable practices has a positive correlation with the acquisition of low emission vehicles in Mexico. However, for the buyers, the affordability of these vehicles is more important than their energy efficiency. In addition, we found that the most industrialized states are adopting hybrid and electric vehicles at higher rates than states whose economy depends on commerce and tourism.     

高速公路收费站车辆到达分布的拟合检验

以1分钟为单位时间间隔,以1小时为1个样本观测时段,通过实地调查获取了柳忠高速公路天水北路收费站连续13个小时的车辆到达数据。在此基础上,对高速公路收费站的车辆到达过程服从泊松分布这一假设进行了χ2拟合检验,检验结果表明:高速公路收费站的车辆到达过程服从泊松分布。     

上海地铁乘客平峰期出行行为影响因素及机理研究

针对上海地铁平峰期客座率不高、运能低的问题,对乘客愿意增加平峰期出行行为的影响因素进行归纳分析,并根据居民对地铁票价优惠、增值服务的需求进行现场问卷调查,统计分析各措施下乘客平峰期地铁出行意愿情况;建立平峰期出行意愿二项Logit模型,研究出行者特性、出行行为特性以及选择方案特性等因素的影响。由此为平峰期地铁客流提升制定更加有针对性的互联网营销方案奠定理论基础。     

英汉词义扩展异同分析——从语言的体验性及人的主观能动性视角

狭义认知语言学认为语言具有体验性并且人在体验的过程中具有主观能动性,语言的体验性以及人的主观能动性在语义扩展中起到了重要的作用,通过这两点可以对英汉词义扩展的异同点做更加合理的分析和解释。     

基于高速公路客运网络的小物件配送新方法研究

针对现有利用高速公路客运车辆捎带小件货物的现象,以基于高速公路网络的小物件配送作为研究对象,将这种点对点的捎货方式扩展为遍布山东省内整个客运网络的小物件配送研究,在阐述基本思想的同时提出可行方案,并建立数学模型进行求解,从而有效减少配送时间和配送费用,为小件货物运送提供新方式并为物流配送系统研究提供新思想。     

增程式电动汽车产业浅析

新能源汽车是未来汽车产业转型发展的重要方向。我国新能源汽车前期发展取得了突出的成绩,产销量位居世界首位。但目前产业发展正面临新形势,未来一段时期内将由“政策驱动”转向“政策+市场双驱动”。到2021年购置补贴完全退出后的后补贴时代,如何保障新能源汽车产业的健康、可持续发展,值得人们共同思考,开发什么类型的产品才能更好地满足消费者的需求,值得行业企业考虑。     

Sustainable product disposal: Consumer redistributing behaviors versus hoarding and throwing away

Business strategies involving sustainable product disposal have focused mostly on technical aspects but neglected to adequately incorporate the nature of consumers' behavior. The current study addresses this void. We study consumer product disposal behavior and subsequently offer insights to businesses on how to incorporate consumer input into their strategic decision making in the light of opportunities to mitigate environmental impacts. Consumers' redistributing of unwanted but still useful products to others by reselling, passing along, or donating, rather than hoarding or throwing away, contributes to product lifetime extension and waste management. We study factors influencing product redistribution and explore profile of consumers who engage in various disposal behaviors. Findings from two online surveys, on mobile phones and sunglasses, reveal that specific waste attitudes, that is, waste minimization and waste aversion, rather than general environmental concern, are key determinants of product redistribution choice. Product cost is positively related to reselling and giving behaviors. Furthermore, product quality and product self-image congruency significantly reduce the odds of throwing away. The method of product redistribution is also influenced by consumers' demographic characteristics including age, education level, and income. This paper advances extant literature on product disposal from the perspective of the consumer and provides input into development of business strategies that incorporate consumers' sustainable disposal behaviors. We also offer input to policy makers on how to curb or delay waste and pollution.     

“十二五”北京市客运交通枢纽布局规划及实施方案研究

在分析北京市客运交通枢纽建设现状及面临挑战的基础上,从重大交通基础设施和重点功能区规划两个层面,解读分析了"十二五"期间北京市客运交通枢纽的建设需求。在明确北京市"十二五"轨道线网规划和城市发展重点的基础上,确立了"十二五"北京市客运交通枢纽的布局及实施方案。     

基于引力模型的港澳台入境游收入影响因素实证研究

本文通过引力模型实证分析,探索各省港澳台入境旅游的客源和收入的影响因素,结果表明入境旅游收入受距离的影响低于目的地提供旅游产品的丰富程度的影响,而入境游收入与各省旅游资源呈现负相关。     

带有转运中心的单一产地多车辆组合运输问题模型与算法

在运输过程中常常会遇到不同车辆的选择与组合,大多数企业都会在一个地区设立转运中心以完成对不同销售地的配送任务,通过对实际情况的分析与了解,对有一个生产厂、一个转运中心与多销地的运输模式建立模型,解决带有一个转运中心的多车辆组合运输问题。找出计划期内最优车辆组合,帮助企业作出最优的运输策略。     

城市交通碳排放分析及实证研究

城市经济发展使得城市交通迅速发展,同时也造成了能源消耗过多、排放污染加剧。文章构建数学模型对城市交通子系统碳排放进行分析,并以西安市为例进行实证分析。结果表明,城市私人载客汽车和道路运输营运部门是主要交通碳排放源,占总排放的67%以上,并且有序发展私人交通、改变交通需求结构、提高能源利用率能有效降低城市交通碳排放。     

铁路大型客运站地区城市交通衔接组织研究

以北京站、北京南站为代表分析我国铁路大型客运站地区城市交通衔接的发展，借鉴国外柏林中央车站、巴黎拉德芳斯换乘枢纽设计经验，提出应以我国铁路大型客运站新建、改扩建为契机深化城市交通一体化工作。在我国的客运站设计中应增强信息引导、出入站口开设、站区交通规划、公共交通衔接、以及慢行交通的接入。     

母品牌与延伸产品间个性一致性对延伸评价的影响

品牌个性和消费者个性之间的关系是近些年品牌延伸的一个研究热点,然而目前缺少对母品牌与延伸产品间个性一致性的研究。为了考察个性一致性对品牌延伸评价的影响,首先分别测出品牌个性和延伸产品个性,并分为主要个性和次要个性两个级别,然后通过实证分析,探讨了母品牌个性与延伸产品个性的一致性与延伸评价之间的关系,同时考察了个性暗示对延伸评价的影响。研究发现,在延伸评价中,主要个性作用显著,而次要个性则对延伸评价无显著影响;延伸评价与母品牌和延伸产品之间的个性一致性程度呈正相关;个性暗示有助于消费者建立延伸产品与品牌的关系,从而提高延伸评价。     

Factors driving embodied carbon in international trade: a multiregional input–output gravity model

ABSTRACT

Concerns about the effects and consequences of climate change have notably increased in recent decades. Despite large advances in the understanding of this phenomenon, further research into the determinants of gas emissions is necessary, to shed light on the responsibilities of producers and consumers, and their potential contribution to mitigation strategies. This paper studies the trajectories and determinants of carbon embodied in world trade during a period of 15 years. Our methodology relies on a multiregional input–output model, environmentally extended. Drawing on data from the World Input–Output Database, we estimate embodied emissions in bilateral flows. Then, we assess the determinants of CO₂ emissions embodied in trade, combining input–output modelling with trade gravity panel data analysis. This paper offers a methodological approach that explains and quantifies the underlying factors of carbon trade, integrating the production and consumption perspectives and considering the geographical, structural and institutional context of countries.