Competitiveness in the Canadian Food Industry

Concerns about competitiveness in the Canadian food industry have generated a number of studies, inquiries and other initiatives on the subject. This paper examines the concept and measurement of competitiveness, the findings of several studies and some of the methodological issues involved in analyzing this phenomenon. While there is general agreement that the concept has most relevance at the level of the firm where it can be described as “the ability to profitably gain and maintain market share,” it has been applied mostly at the industry and country levels where there is less agreement on measurement and interpretation. This is reflected by a remarkable lack of consensus among studies of the Canadian food industry. The methodological issues most in need of being resolved are those relating to appropriate measurement and the relationship between strategic behaviour of firms and the determinants of competitiveness as found in the environment of firms Plusieurs études ont été réalisées sur la compétitivité de l'industrie agro-alimentaire canadi-ennne. Ce papier a pour but i) d'énumérer et de commenter les définitions et mesures de compétitivité couramment utilisées, ii) de synthétiser les aspects méthodologiques et résultats d'études antérieures, iii) de discuter des implications de la réglementation sur I'inocuité des aliments sur la compétitivité. Il semble y avoir concensus sur la pertinenence du concept de compétitivité au niveau de la firme. Malheureusement, la majorité des études ont analysé la compétitivité aux niveaux des industries ou des pays pour lesquels l'interprétation des résultats et les mesures sont sujet à controverse. Les résultats de ces études sont en général contradic-toires, Il nous apparait primordial d'améliorer les mesures de compétitivité de façon à mieux capturer le comportement stratégique des firmes et les caractéristiques de l'environnement dans lequel elles opérent     

Strategic Behavior and Consolidation in the Agricultural Biotechnology Industry

We develop a model explaining the consolidation patterns in the agricultural biotechnology industry. Among different consolidation and cooperation mechanisms, we consider collaborative and licensing agreements, joint ventures, acquisitions, and exchanges of ownership and spin-offs. The key results derive from the benefits of coordinated actions, distinction between transferable and nontransferable payoffs, the substitutability, complementarity, and the importance of the managers' noncontractible investments, and access and expansion of markets. Results from the model are used to examine the cooperation and consolidation activities for four major players in the agricultural biotechnology industry, DuPont , Dow Chemical , Monsanto , and Novartis .     

President Biden's international trade agenda: Implications for the Canadian agrifood sector

The 4 years of the Trump administration was marked by a number of events and policies that affected the Canadian agrifood sector. Changes to preferential trade agreements, the collapse of the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement framework, increased domestic support for US farmers, and diplomatic tensions between the United States and China all shaped international trade flows and created an environment of policy uncertainty. The Biden administration will change course on several important trade policy issues. We discuss how these changes could affect the Canadian agrifood sector along a number of dimensions, including a return to multilateralism, (re)engagement in preferential trade agreements, and movements toward a less combative and more predictable trade policy agenda. We expect Canadian agrifood trade flows under the Biden administration to exceed what they would have been under a second Trump administration.     

Implications of Nash Bargaining for Horizontal Industry Integration

This article shows how horizontal industry integration can arise from transferable asymmetry of technologies and endowments. The Nash bargaining solution suggests that greater technological diversity among coordinating parties yields greater gains from horizontal integration. The framework fits the case where a firm with a superior technology franchises the technology by horizontal integration. The results appear to fit hog production where integration has been primarily horizontal and, in part, broiler production where integration has been both vertical and horizontal. Specifically, technology has been shared through uniform genetic traits, fine-tuned feed rations, and veterinary services specified in grower contracts.     

The Canadian Dairy Industry: Prospects for Future Trade

The Canadian dairy industry is heavily protected from world markets. With the coming WTO Round of trade negotiations, this protection is likely to be reduced. I review the policies and characteristics of the sector and explore the possibilities and likely effects of various policy changes. Canadian domestic milk prices are high relative to U.S. prices, because of (a) prohibitively high over-TRQ tariffs, (b) relatively small TRQ levels for dairy products and (c) restrictive domestic marketing quotas faced by individual producers. The industry trade policy position is to maintain existing policies and specifically to resist attempts to increase access to the Canadian milk product market. Industry data suggest that the Canadian milk industry has increased its competitiveness with the U.S. industry since the 1980s, largely due to the depreciation of the Canadian dollar over the period. These data suggest that a drastic reduction of protection in the Canadian industry in the next WTO Round may not result in significant increases in U.S. exports to Canada. In addition, quota market data indicate a perception of much less risk in holding these quotas compared to the 1980s, suggesting Canadian dairy farmers' confidence of continued stability in milk pricing and dairy policy in Canada. L'industrie laitière canadienne jouit d'une forte protection sur le marché mondial. Cet avantage risque d'être réduit dans laprochaine ronde de négociations commerciales de l'OMC. L'auteur passe en revue les politiques et les caractéristiques de chaque segment de la filiére laitiére et scrute les possibilités et les effets vraisemblables de divers scénarios d'orientation. Les niveaux relativement plus élevés du prix du lait sur le marché intérieur canadien par rapport aux prix américains s'expliquent a) par le niveau exorbitant des tarifs douaniers imposés aux importations excédentaires au contingent, b) aux niveaux relativement bas des contingents tarifaires des produits laitiers et c) aux contingents de mise en marché intérieur restrictifs auxquels font face les producteurs. La position du secteur laitier canadien en matière de commerce extérieur est de maintenir les politiques en place et, plus particulièrement, de combattre toute tentative d'élargir l'accés au marche intérieur canadien. À la lumière des chiffres, il appert que le secteur laitier canadien aurait élargi sa marge concurrentielle depuis les années 1980 par rapport aux États-Unis, en grande panic à cause de la perte de valeur du dollar canadien observée dans l'intervalle. Ces données laissent supposer qu'une réduction même brutale éventuelle des dispositifs de protection canadiens à la prochaine ronde de l'OMC ne provoquerait pas un accroissement significatif des exportations US vers le Canada. En plus, les chiffres du marché contingenté suggèrent qu'ily aurait beaucoup moins de risques que dans les années 1980 pour le Canada à garder les contingents, ce qui dénote que les producteurs laitiers canadiens s'attendent au maintien des orientations actuelles du Canada en matière de tarification du lait et de commerce extérieur des produits laitiers.     

The Evolving Structure of Chinese R&D Funding and its Implications for the Productivity of Agricultural Biotechnology Research

China’s research and development (R&D) policy has changed considerably over recent decades, and great changes occurred in 2006 when the main programme objective of China’s R&D changed from the 863 Programme and 973 Programme to the National Science and Technology Major Project. One topic that has drawn extensive attention is whether the investment reform improved R&D productivity in China. Using a unique panel dataset from 160 universities, this paper examines the effect of the investment reform on productivity improvement in China’s agricultural biotechnology sector. We use a panel count data model with a dynamic feedback mechanism to model the knowledge production process. Strong evidence indicates that the investment reform greatly contributes to knowledge output production in China’s agricultural biotechnology sector. We also find that the input quality is more important than the absolute quantity; human research capacity exhibits the greatest contribution to the output of patents; past knowledge accumulation helps produce more patents; and entry barriers to patent production exist in China’s agricultural biotechnology sector. Moreover, the patent explosion in China may have been largely caused by improvements in the human capital input quality.     

Water Use in the Canadian Food Processing Industry

A number of studies have examined water use at the farm level, but water use by food processing firms has received relatively little attention. In light of current concerns regarding water conservation, the objective of this paper is to bridge this gap in our understanding of water use in the agri-food sector. Four aspects of water use (intake, treatment prior to use, recirculation and discharge) are examined for the Canadian food processing industry and three of its subsectors. Price and output elasticities are estimated using plant-evel data from a 1991 survey of water-using firms. Results indicate that all aspects of water use are sensitive to economic factors. Implications for government policies are identified.     

Dairy-Substitute Products: Impact on the Canadian Industry

Any opinions and positions expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not necessarily those of Agriculture Canada or of the Government of Canada     

Introduction to the policy articles on Trump to Biden: Implications for Canadian Agriculture

President Biden was sworn in on January 20, 2021 after a 4‐year term by President Trump. Certainly, Trump's norm breaking presidency impacted Canada in significant ways and the agricultural sector was no exception. In this issue, we have a set of four short articles discussing the possible implications on Canadian agriculture of transitioning from a Trump to Biden presidency. Issues related to Canada‐U.S. agricultural trade, political norms and uncertainty, U.S. domestic support, participation in trade agreements, and U.S.‐China relations are all considered.     

Crop Selection and Implications for Profits and Wind Erosion in a Semi-Arid Environment

A daily crop growth simulation model was applied to four dryland cropping systems to estimate the profit distributions for each of four price series under stochastic weather conditions on the Southern High Plains of Texas. Stochastic dominance with respect to a function was utilized to rank each crop rotation for different risk-averse intervals. Solutions from the model indicate that long-term average annual soil loss due to wind erosion was a function of the producer's risk aversion, price expectation, and discount rate which affect the optimal crop rotation selection.     

Implications of a Tariff on Imported Canadian Softwood Lumber

The United States has been a net importer of softwood lumber for several decades, with more than 90% of its 1985 imports coming from Canada. A four-equation simultaneous sytem was developed to analyze the impact of a proposed tariff on domestic softwood lumber consumption production and on imports. The structural coefficients were estimated by two-stage least squares estimators using annual data from 1965 through 1985. The analysis indicated that U.S. softwood lumber consumption was price inelastic (-0.029) while import demand was highly elastic (-3.08). Consequently, the imposition of an import tariff or Canadian export tax on softwood lumber, as requested by the U.S. softwood lumber industry, will have little effect on total consumption, but will reduce imports significantly and will lead to higher prices for U.S. producers and consumers. Les États-Unis ont été un importateur net de bois ?oeuvre de résineux pendant plusieurs décennies et plus de 90% de leurs importations de 1985 provenaient du Canada. Nous avons élaboré un système simultané à quatre équations permettant ?analyser ?incidence ?un droit qu'on songe à imposer sur la consommation et la production intérieures du bois ?oeuvre de résineux et sur les importations. Les coefficients structuraux ont été estimés a ?aide ?une méthode ?analyse des moindres carrés à deux stades, à partir de données recueillies annuellement de 1965 jusqu'à 1985. ?analyse a démontré que la consommation américaine de bois ?oeuvre de résineux n'est pas élastique quant au prix (-0,029) mais que la demande à ?importation est très élastique (-3,08). En conséquence, ?imposition ?un droit à ?importation ou ?une taxe canadienne à ?exportation pour le bois ?oeuvre de résineux, telle que réclamée par le secteur américain de la production de bois ?oeuvre de résineux, aura peu ?effets sur la consommation totale mais elle réduira sensiblement les importations et mènera à une augmentation des prix pour les producteurs et les consommateurs américains.     

Hedonic Price Functions for Wheat in the World Market: Implications for Canadian Wheat Export Strategy

This study derives econometric estimates of the marginal implicit values of major characteristics of wheat in world markets for two recent time periods using pooled time-series and cross-sectional data. The results indicate that a one percentage point increase in protein content was associated with an average 0.3% price premium from 1976–77 to 1979–80. This price response had increased to an average 0.5% premium from 1980–81 to 1983–84, when there was an average world market protein premium of about U.S. $6.00 for a one percentage point increase in protein per tonne of wheat. During the latter time period, there was a premium for white wheat of nearly U.S. $16 per tonne. Wheat exported from the United States and Canada appeared to be discounted in price relative to wheat from Australia. Given the general order of the inverse relationship between yield and protein content that applies in wheat breeding, it is apparent that total revenue from Canadian wheat exports could be considerably increased by more emphasis on the development of higher-yielding wheats that are adapted to the higher-moisture regions of the Prairies. More emphasis on development of white wheats that are suited to Prairie growing conditions is also merited. La présente étude vise à obtenir des estimations économétriques à partir de valeurs marginales implicites des caractéristiques principales du blé sur les marchés mondiaux pour deux périodes de temps récentes, à l'aide de séries chronologiques regroupées et de données transversales. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu'une augmentation de un pour cent de la teneur en protéines correspond en moyenne à une bonification de 0,3% de 1976–1977 à 1979–1980. Cette réaction des prix a atteint en moyenne 0,5% de 1980–1981 a 1983–1984, alors qu'une augmentation de un pour cent de la teneur en protéines par tonne de blé donnait lieu à une bonification moyenne, sur les marchés mondiaux, d'environ 6 $ US. Pendant la dernière période, le blé blanc faisait l'objet d'une bonification de près de 16 $ US par tonne. Le blé exporté des États-Unis et du Canada semble avoir été vendu à rabais, comparativement au blé venant d'Australie. Compte tenu du rapport inverse généralement observé entre le rendement et la teneur en protéines dans un contexte de sélection végétale, il semble que le total des revenus tirés des exportations canadiennes de blé pourrait s'accroître considérablement si l'on mettait davantage l'accent sur la production de variétés à rendement plus élevé, adaptées aux régions à haut taux d'humidité des Prairies. II serait également justifié de consacrer davantage d'énergie à la production de blés blancs mieux adaptés aux conditions de croissance des Prairies.     

Short-Run Output Response in the Western Canadian Cattle Industry

This paper present the results of recent empirical work on the short-run producetion flexibility of cow-calf producers in Western Canada. Several aspects of firm behaviour may be inferred from the econometric estimates, including short-run elasticities of supply and factor demand, and the total elasticity of cattle supply. The principal empirical findings are that many of the shourt-run supply and factor demand responses of firms, are elastic with respect to within-season price variability. The evidence does not support a vertical or negatively-sloped short-run supply curve for cattle, where one previously has been hypothesized in the theoretical literature.