基于技术进步的新疆能源消费回弹效应的估算

研究能源消费的回弹效应对于制定节能减排政策具有重要意义。文章基于新古典主义生产函数构建了能源消费回弹效应的模型,测算了新疆技术进步对经济增长的贡献率和能源消费的回弹效应,研究结果表明:1991-2011年新疆能源消费平均回弹效应达到了2.48,技术进步对于新疆能源消费具有很强的回弹效应,经济增长高度依赖于能源的投入,因此,新疆不能仅仅依靠技术进步提高能源效率来实现节能减排,还应辅之以产业结构调整、政府管制等手段,以及国家能源价格和资源税等宏观政策配合实施。     

绍兴市工业碳排放峰值预测及减排策略

基于2003～2020年时间序列数据,利用GDIM因素分解法、修正STIRPAT模型下的岭估计以及蒙特卡洛模拟技术,对绍兴工业碳排放进行驱动因素经验分解、演变情景预测与达峰路径模拟。结果表明：(1)在GDIM分解后的各种因素中,工业增加值、能源消费碳强度和能源消费规模对碳排放一直保持促增效应,而工业产出碳强度、能源强度和煤炭消耗效率为促降效应,技术进步以提高能源利用效率是促进碳减排的关键因素;(2)基于岭回归方法估计碳排放预测模型,发现人均GDP与CO₂排放量存在倒U型关系,当人均GDP为137,132.1元时可达倒U型曲线的最高点,能源消耗总量和能源消耗效率分别对碳排放量增长具有明显促进和抑制作用;(3)蒙特卡洛模拟下,基本情景和绿色生态情景可以在2030年前达峰,但只有技术升级情景才是达峰的最优路径,碳减排效果最明显。     

农业技术进步、空间效应与城乡收入差距——基于省级面板数据的分析

[目的]通过构建空间计量模型,实证检验2007—2018年我国农业技术进步对城乡收入差距的直接影响和空间溢出效应。[方法]文章基于我国31个省（区、市,不含港澳台）的面板数据,利用空间杜宾模型,并设置邻接矩阵、地理距离矩阵和经济距离矩阵,分析农业技术进步对城乡收入差距的影响,并进一步将农业技术进步分解为农业前沿技术进步和农业技术效率。[结果]（1）中国省域城乡收入差距具有显著的空间集聚特征,呈现出“高—高”和“低—低”的空间分布特征。（2）农业技术进步不仅有利于缩小当地城乡收入差距,还可以通过空间溢出效应促进邻近地区城乡收入差距的缩小。（3）农业前沿技术进步对当地城乡收入差距的缩小具有显著的促进作用,但对邻近地区的溢出效应不明显;农业技术效率则具有明显的空间溢出效应。[结论]农业技术进步有助于缩小城乡收入差距。要继续加大农业科技投入,进行农业科技创新,提升农业技术效率,同时加强省际间的交流与合作,促使区域间农业技术的创新、转化与扩散。     

基于SDA的中国海洋经济增长动力转换路径研究

本文基于结构分解分析法(SDA),对中国海洋经济增长动力进行深入研究。将中国2002—2007年,2007—2012年期间海洋经济增长动力分解为需求扩张效应、增加值率变动效应和技术进步效应,测算出不同效应对海洋经济增长的贡献率。结果表明:第一,中国海洋经济增长整体上依然依赖于需求扩张,消费对海洋经济的拉动作用最强;第二,海洋第三产业对中国海洋经济增长的贡献最大,且呈上升趋势;第三,技术进步效应贡献率在海洋三大产业中均呈现下降趋势,增加值率对海洋第三产业、海洋第二产业的贡献则在加强。最后,本文结合实证分析结果,就如何转换中国海洋经济增长动力路径进行了探讨。     

中国能源消耗地区差异实证分析

本文在对中国地区能源强度差异分析的基础上,用迪氏因素分解法将各地区的能源强度分别按照结构因素和技术进步因素进行分解,结论是技术进步是各地区能源强度下降的主要因素;然后,利用计量经济学中的面板数据模型进一步从变量层面上分析引起地区能源消耗差异的原因,结论是东部能源价格发生了扭曲并且其高产出是依靠高能耗实现的;最后,对全文进行总结,并有针对性地提出建议。     

我国与"一带一路"国家贸易活动中 隐含能耗分解

"一带一路"倡议促进了我国的经济发展,同时也影响了我国产业的能耗。研究通过采用投入产出、能源及"一带一路"国家进出口贸易数据,构建"一带一路"国家能源投入产出模型,测算其进出口能耗及进出口隐含能耗,并对出口能耗进行了分解。研究发现,2002—2010年我国与"一带一路"国家在贸易活动中以进口为主,净能耗为负,2011年净能耗转变为正值。我国出口产品包含的国内耗能小幅上涨,到2010年开始大比例下降。2003—2007年期间与"一带一路"国家外贸活动的出口能耗是升高的,其中贡献最大的是出口规模效应和出口结构效应,2007—2011年"一带一路"国家的出口能耗是下降的,其中贡献最大的是能源效率效应和投入效应。实际出口能耗变动受到一定程度的战略影响,但并不特别显著。     

我国海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率的增长动力——基于转换份额分析法的实证分析

为研究我国海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长的动力结构,运用转换份额分析法将1989-2014年我国海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长率分解为由产业结构变迁引致的静态与动态结构变迁效应、由技术进步引致的生产率增长效应,结果显示生产率增长效应对海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率的增长贡献远高于静态与动态结构变迁效应之和的贡献,静态与动态结构变迁效应之和的贡献表现为"先增大、后减少"态势,生产率增长效应的贡献表现为"先逐渐减少、后增大"态势。技术进步是海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长的主要动力;海水养殖业对海洋渔业第一产业劳动生产率增长的贡献大于海洋捕捞业。     

基于LMDI法的我国海洋渔业碳排放驱动因素分解研究

本文将我国海洋渔业人均碳排放驱动因素分解为碳排放系数、能源强度、产业结构和产业规模,运用LMDI分解法对2003—2013年我国海洋渔业碳排放进行实证研究,得出结论:我国海洋渔业人均碳排放的总增量共计0.157万吨,碳排放系数、能源强度、产业结构和产业规模的累积效应分别为0.262、-1.131、-0.274和1.3万吨;综合考虑逐年和累积效应,产业规模是正向驱动因素,能源强度是负向驱动因素,而产业结构和碳排放系数的驱动效应具有不稳定性;通过控制海洋捕捞业的比重以及碳排放系数的变化率,能够使产业结构和碳排放系数因素稳定为负向驱动因素;降低海洋捕捞业比重、促进海洋捕捞渔船改造及作业方式转型、提高海洋捕捞效率、提高贝藻类养殖比重等是抑制海洋渔业碳排放的深层驱动因素。     

基于LMDI分解法的新疆碳排放驱动效应研究

文章利用2002-2011年新疆人均生产总值和碳排放量等相关数据,以LMDI分解法为着手点,从经济规模、能源强度、产业结构和产业排放等四个方面来探索新疆碳排放增加的主要推动因素,并从工业、建筑业、交通运输业等5个产业的角度进行碳排放分解效应研究。结果表明,新疆的经济规模效应和产业排放系数效应对总碳排放效应主要是正向作用,而产业结构效应和能源强度效应主要起到负向阻碍作用;而从贡献度大小来看,经济规模效应和能源强度效应分别是最大的正向推动和负向阻碍效应;分行业新疆碳排放驱动因素分解结果表明,工业一直是各效应最主要的影响因素,贡献度都在70%以上,其余产业影响程度较小。     

碳排放约束下中国农业能源效率及其全要素生产率研究

本文基于方向性距离函数和DEA方法,测算了中国31个省市2000~2011年农业能源效率,分析比较了碳排放约束下全国整体、五大区域及31个省份农业能源效率和节能潜力,并对农业全要素生产率进行分解和收敛性检验。研究表明:碳排放强度相对较低的地区能源效率普遍高于其他地区;全国及五大区域能源效率动态演进趋势由相对集中到逐渐扩散,且增长不明显;考虑碳排放约束下农业全要素生产率和技术进步效率都得到明显提高;五大区域农业全要素生产率存在显著的绝对收敛和条件收敛,全国整体上各地区间差距在逐渐缩小,最终将会稳定在同一水平。文章作者提出制定差别化的农业能源消费结构,提高能源利用效率等措施,有利于缩小各地区间农业全要素生产率差距,并改善各地区间的收敛水平。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.