土地登记在建设用地动态监管中的应用

建设用地动态监管是当前土地资源管理的重要抓手,土地登记制度作为一项重要的土地法律制度和土地管理手段,将土地登记应用于建设用地动态监管,是适应土地"产权管理"的必然要求.是推进建设用地动态监管的基本保证.另外,土地登记制度渐趋完备,土地登记成果与土地动态监管数据功能契合、规范匹配,为土地登记制度应用于建设用地动态监管提供了可行性.因此,应该在进一步完善土地登记制度的同时,加快推进土地登记成果在建设用地动态监管中的应用.     

土地法的理念更新与制度完善

我国现行土地法律制度以经济发展为基本理念,重土地的开发利用而轻保护改善。这样的理念指导下的法律及其制度,难以实现土地的可持续利用。有效地保护和改善土地、实现土地的可持续利用必须重新认识土地的价值,树立新的土地发展观、效益观、安全观,并以此为基础对土地调查统计制度、土地用途管制、土地利用规划制度、耕地特殊保护制度与土地征用制度进行完善。     

土地整治监管制度存在的问题及对策

土地整治监管是土地整治工作顺利开展的基础和关键。针对当前土地整治监管过程中出现的监管基础薄弱、缺乏依据、制度建设不足等突出问题,建立了"四位一体"土地整治监管体系,从强化监管组织建设,创新监管模式、构建全社会参与监管新机制、监管技术手段的信息化等方面提出了强化我国土地整治监管的对策及建议,为提升我国土地整治监管质量和效率提供了重要支撑。     

生态用地的法制化——基于土地用途管制制度演进的视角

研究目的:研究生态用地是否应成为法律意义上的土地用途,提出相应的土地用途管制制度设计思路。研究方法:法律解释分析,立法学分析。研究结果:生态用地应成为法律意义上的土地用途;在静态区分方面生态用地应与农用地、建设用地、未利用地呈并列关系,生态用地分类的决定性依据为土地资源之社会功能而非自然属性;在动态约束方面土地用途管制制度应针对生态用地承受的市场失灵趋势具备动态适应性,能够抑制生态用地流失或侵占其他土地用途类型。研究结论:《土地管理法》应作出相应的稳健更新,在此过程中应借鉴生态价值定量评估、生态补偿核算方面的技术和自然生态空间管制试点成果,确保法律对生态用地进行有效的静态区分和动态约束,并确保法律在更新过程中得到及时优化。     

我国土地监察的制度缺陷与创新路径

建国后我国土地监察制度经历了三次变迁和创新，对保护耕地和依法用地产生了积极的影响。本文运用制度经济学理论，考察了不同阶段土地监察制度的演进、安排及绩效，认为我国土地管理体制中委托代理机制失灵，土地监察制度的供给受体制、法律、意识等的制约。土地监察制度的创新路径为：建立健全土地管理体制中的委托代理机制，改革土地监察体制，完善土地管理法律法规，树立正确的发展观和政绩观。     

土地发展权对耕地保护的启示

我国面临着人均耕地数量少、耕地质量较低等状况.而随着工业化和城市化的推进,建设用地违规占用耕地、低效占地、"占补平衡"制度未能真正履行等问题越来越突出.在针对土地用途方面我国一直实行的是土地用途管制制度,虽然取得了一些成效,但也产生了不少问题,使得耕地保护效果并不显著.因此在耕地保护方面,我们不妨借鉴国外的经验,引入土地发展权的概念,应用创新的手段解决当前面临的耕地保护方面的问题,对耕地保护提供一些新的启示.     

我国农地征用监管制度的困境与优化——基于农地发展权视角

本文介绍了我国监管制度困境下的农地征用问题,并从农地发展权为主的产权视角,剖析了对农地征用三大主体监管的制度困境的产权原因。探索监管制度困境的出路——当务之急我国应该创设农地发展权,进行相关制度创新,优化农地征用监管制度,从而遏制我国农地资产大量流失,保护好国家农地资源。     

我国建立土地发展权制度的运行条件分析

土地发展权是从土地所有权延伸和派生出来的一种权利,是源于英国、美国等国家为保护农业用地、森林等而设计的一种土地利用管理机制。在我国确立土地发展权制度,对于保障农民土地权力,有效保护耕地、调整土地用途等都具有重要意义。建立我国土地发展权制度必须具备"制度前提,市场机制,权能配置"三个运行条件。     

中国土地复垦监管现状与阶段性特征

研究目的:进一步明确土地复垦监管工作特点并分析发展趋势。研究方法:通过对现阶段土地复垦监管工作的总结,在分析国家投资体制改革、工程建设项目管理方式、矿业用地改革趋势以及复垦工程建设特点的基础上,结合目前土地复垦监管能力、政策环境及科研水平等因素进行综合分析。研究结果:总结了中国土地复垦监管工作的阶段性特点,分析了发展趋势,并提出以下观点:(1)实行信息化管理应作为目前土地复垦监管日常工作的主要内容;(2)对复垦资金施行严格管控是现阶段监管工作的重要抓手;(3)土地复垦的监管将从"管方案"和"管数据"向"组织管理"和"项目管理"转变;(4)运用信息化手段实现土地复垦监管指标体系的构建,为质量控制、工程验收和项目后评价提供技术支撑;(5)建议创新土地复垦监管体制、制度以及工程管理方式等。     

区域—要素统筹：构建国土空间开发保护制度的关键

研究目的:通过对国土空间开发保护制度的核心概念进行辨析,明确国土空间开发保护制度的科学内涵,并讨论构建新时代国土空间开发保护制度的关键性问题。研究方法:综合分析法与对比分析法。研究结果:中国特色的"国土空间开发保护"概念源于"国土空间开发",交融于土地用途管制制度,拓展于自然资源全要素保护。国土空间的内涵有着"区域"型和"要素"型特性之分,目前也存在分别以主体功能区制度为代表和以土地用途管制为代表的"区域"型、"要素"型两类国土空间开发保护制度。未来需要统筹两类国土空间开发保护的需求,让相应制度承担起指引区域工业化城镇化建设活动、实施国土空间用途管制、推进生态功能受损地区系统性修复治理、开展国家公园和自然保护地保护等多重任务。研究结论:做好"区域—要素统筹"是构建新时代国土空间开发保护制度的关键。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.