Competition in Markets and Competition for Markets

This paper builds on a distinction that is sometimes made between competition in a market and competition for a market. Competition for a market refers to the struggle to create a new market, or to erect a new standard, and it is usually associated with the process of innovation that brings new displacing technologies to market. Competition in a market is the conventional view of competition, and concentrates on the actions of incumbents and imitative entrants in well-established markets. The paper reviews some of the issues that competition for markets raises for anti-trust policy makers, and then asks whether competition for a market is a perfect substitute for competition in a market.     

驱动市场的理论基础及路径构建

在激烈的市场竞争中,要想保持持续的竞争优势,企业不能只是着眼于满足市场需求,还要创造和引导市场需求。市场驱动和驱动市场是决定市场导向的结合体,两者既有区别又相互联系。运用驱动市场理论,寻求市场竞争优势。为此,构建驱动市场路径,使驱动市场活动创造顾客价值,产生预期的组织绩效。     

中国股市政策市研究述评

文章对政策市的有关研究进行了归纳和梳理,将主要的研究概括为股市政策与政策市,政策市产生原因,不同属性政策的定性分析,政策市运行机制,政策市影响减弱分析,政策市退出市场等方面,揭示出政策市的最大问题是股市政策的行政化,政策市退出股市必须以增强投资者选择权为基础,而这需要经历一个漫长的过程。     

浅析湖北省技术市场现状及发展对策

技术市场是科技成果转化的主要渠道．是引入市场机制对科技资源进行优化配置的重要平台,是促进科技与经济紧密结合的桥梁和纽带,是中国特色社会主义市场体系中重要的生产要素市场。文章对湖北省技术市场现状、特点和存在的问题进行了系统分析．并对下一步如何发展技术市场提出了几点具体意见     

我国银行间债券市场异常交易的特征、成因及治理

我国银行间债券市场异常交易目的不一、形式多变,具有普遍性、隐蔽性、复杂性和争议性四个特征。实践中,由于交易机制不完善、监管失职、内控失察等原因,债券市场异常交易频繁发生,给市场运行乃至宏观调控带来风险隐患。实际上,异常交易频繁发生是市场失灵、信息效率低下的客观反映,其根本原因是市场交易机制存在缺陷。要有效治理异常交易,必须规范投资者行为,优化市场模式,提高市场透明度,健全完善银行间债券市场交易机制。     

Is the KOSPI 200 Options Market Efficient? Parametric and Nonparametric Tests of the Martingale Restriction

A number of studies on the S&P 500 index options market claim that the no‐arbitrage assumption cannot be rejected for this market because either the martingale restriction defined in Longstaff (1995) cannot be rejected by the data, or, even when it is rejected, a large proportion of the violation can be explained by market friction factors. The present study singles out the effect of market inefficiency from market friction by testing the martingale restriction for the KOSPI 200 index options market, which is the most liquid and active options market in the world. Not only using the parametric methods adopted in previous studies but also using the nonparametric methods that enable us to avoid the model misspecification problem, we empirically present clear evidence of a violation of the martingale restriction. In addition, in contrast to the S&P 500 options market, regression analyses and robustness tests indicate that market friction factors can explain only a small portion of the percentage differences between option‐implied and market‐observed index prices. Overall, the results do not support the basic no‐arbitrage assumption or the market efficiency in the KOSPI 200 options market.     

浅析宝清县农副产品批发市场发展现状及对策

当前,宝清县农副产品市场体系建设存在的问题,主要是市场主体过于多元化;经营粗放、管理方服务不到位;追求短期效益,消费者权益得不到保障等。宝清县应加快上规范、上档次的农产品批发市场载体建设步伐,提升现有已形成规模的农产品批发市场档次,配置符合现代农产品流通方式的储存、交易、运输、安全环保等设施,充分发挥农批市场交易功能;对现有农贸市场进行升级改造,以此活跃城乡交易市场,为农产品交易提供安全可靠的交易场所;尽快规划建好农产品批发市场,改造乡镇马路市场、露天市场在软件上,要建立完善的规章制度,先进的交易方式,规范的交易行为,不断提高组织管理水平。     

国债金融效应:基准利率视角的分析

本文从我国金融市场的发展现状出发,分析了国债利率成为我国金融市场基准利率的必然性和现实性。市场基准利率及其期限结构是一切金融产品的公正定价的基础,因此,作为基准利率的提供者,发达的国债市场是企业债券市场发展、衍生产品创新的前提条件。同时,金融市场的有效性有赖于金融产品的正确定价,本文以股票市场为例证明国债利率对于金融市场效率的提升具有重要作用。     

市场结构优化及黑龙江省零售业提高竞争力探析

市场结构是决定市场行为和市场绩效的基础,而市场行为又是决定市场绩效的前提条件,市场绩效受市场结构和市场行为的共同制约。黑龙江省零售业存在着市场集中度低、产品差异性小、业态分布不合理等诸多市场结构问题,严重影响了零售企业的竞争力,制约了零售业的健康持续发展。应采取培育大型零售企业集团、调整网点结构、找准市场定位、实行差别化经营等措施,推进和引导市场结构优化,大力增强零售业市场竞争力。     

国内外市场需求、空间技术溢出与新型城市化

在系统梳理市场需求对新型城市化的作用机制基础上,本文采用面板FGLS法探讨我国地级及以上城市的国内外市场需求和空间技术溢出对新型城市化的影响。分析结果显示,国内市场显著加强了新型城市化进程中东部地区的技术溢出效应,阻碍了中西部地区的区际研发技术溢出效应的有效发挥;国外市场对东部地区的区际研发技术溢出效应和西部地区的区际沟通技术溢出效应具有明显促进作用,抑制了东部地区的区际沟通技术溢出效应;国内外市场的作用在东中部地区表现为互补关系,而在西部地区则为替代关系。     

长江三角洲散客旅游市场整合分析

基于散客旅游市场的较大份额和增长速度,针对长江三角洲地区散客旅游市场的基础优势明显、以城内客源为主的特征和巨大的发展潜力进行分析,讨论了目前长三角存在的区域旅游合作与散客旅游市场特点衔接不够等散客市场开发问题,从政府、市场和服务角度提出了长三角散客旅游市场整合的建议。     

Declining first-mover advantage in mobile telecommunications markets

First-mover advantage may be more remarkable in the inherently oligopolistic mobile telecommunications market. This study evaluates the impact of market experience and competition on market share and profitability in mobile markets. Specifically, the study estimates regression equations for market share and earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) service margin as a proxy for profitability, relying on a panel of mobile network operator (MNO) data from 27 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member states for the period 1998–2009. The empirical results demonstrate that market experience (relative time in the market) exerted a clearly positive effect on the market share and the EBITDA service margin for MNOs. On the other hand, this first-mover advantage declines over time with accumulated competition experience, especially in the latter half of the 2000s.     

从市场交易费用看我国农村流通网络建设

本文认为,市场交易费用的高低是决定我国农村市场扩张或萎缩的重要因素。当前我国农村流通市场交易场所数量少,分布松散;流通组织规模小,流通成本高,竞争无序;农村基础设施薄弱,消费环境较差;交易方式和手段落后,获取信息的渠道狭窄。受这些因素影响,我国农村流通市场交易费用较高。文章提出,为减少市场交易费用,在构建我国农村流通网络过程中,应加大农村流通基础设施建设力度,加快农产品与工业消费品流通网络建设步伐,构建社会化物流配送体系,提高交易主体合作化程度,加快市场法规建设。     

农民工就业市场的经济学分析

中国城市劳动力市场分为首属劳动力市场和次属劳动力市场,由于多种原因,农民工不可避免地成为次属、非正规劳动力市场的主体,而且这种现象将长期存在。对劳动力市场各个不同主体和交易环节进行分析,认为看似不合理的经济行为却是各自在其约束条件下的理性选择,因此,在我国建立统一、全面的劳动力市场不是一蹴而就的,而是一个循序渐进的过程,需要对农民工群体因势利导。次属的、非正规劳动力市场虽然存在种种不规范行为,但未来长期的一段时间依然是正规劳动力市场的有益补充。     

Size matters for OTC market makers: General results and dimensionality reduction techniques

In most over‐the‐counter (OTC) markets, a small number of market makers provide liquidity to other market participants. More precisely, for a list of assets, they set prices at which they agree to buy and sell. Market makers face therefore an interesting optimization problem: they need to choose bid and ask prices for making money while mitigating the risk associated with holding inventory in a volatile market. Many market‐making models have been proposed in the academic literature, most of them dealing with single‐asset market making whereas market makers are usually in charge of a long list of assets. The rare models tackling multiasset market making suffer however from the curse of dimensionality when it comes to the numerical approximation of the optimal quotes. The goal of this paper is to propose a dimensionality reduction technique to address multiasset market making by using a factor model. Moreover, we generalize existing market‐making models by the addition of an important feature: the existence of different transaction sizes and the possibility for the market makers in OTC markets to answer different prices to requests with different sizes.     

Do market information processes improve new venture performance?

Does market information improve new venture performance? While some researchers argue that entrepreneurs do not need formal processes to collect and use market information, others suggest that the use of formal market information processes is positively related to firm performance. In this paper, we hypothesize that new venture performance is an increasing function of (1) the firm's level of customer interaction and (2) the use of formal processes for collecting and utilizing market information. We also hypothesize that these linkages will be stronger among new ventures serving emerging markets (i.e., markets in which customer needs and segments are evolving). We test these hypotheses using data collected from 224 new ventures located in the United States. Our findings indicate that, regardless of market condition, formal processes for the collection of market information are positively associated with the use of formal processes for market information utilization and this relationship is stronger among firms serving established markets. In addition, new venture performance is positively associated with the use of formal processes for utilizing market information and this relationship is also stronger in established markets. We also find that, in emerging markets, new venture performance is a positive function of the use of formal processes for collecting market information. Contrary to expectations, we find that, regardless of market condition, the level of customer interaction has a negative relationship with the use of formal processes for market information utilization and no significant relationship with performance.     

中国农民如何叩开市场之门——市场进入的“五动”模式分析

农民进入市场是必然的选择 ,市场的不完善与竞争的激烈加剧了农民进入市场的难度。而农民自身的弱质性 ,更使其在市场进入过程中步履维艰。结合农民的自身特点 ,以农民对市场的适应性为出发点 ,设计了农民进入市场的“五动”模式 ,并在对其利弊分析的基础上 ,提出了推动农民进入市场的政策措施     

Gray markets: past,present, and future

This article conducts a literature review on three gray market areas: strategy, legal issues, and consumer behavior. Previous gray market strategy-based articles do not discuss the impact of the Web on gray market activity, limit their analysis to international gray markets, and do not identify situations where gray market activity is profitable for a manufacturer and its authorized resellers. Like the strategy-based articles, the legal issue-based articles confine their discussion to international gray markets. A current US Supreme Court case that expands the potential for gray market activity is discussed. The third research stream focuses on the impact of brand image and brand equity and the relationship of perceived risk and gray market acceptance by consumers. The authors develop an overall strategy for dealing with gray market activity based on balancing positive and negative issues. In some cases, it is prudent for manufacturers and resellers to view gray markets as an alternative strategy to private labels, second-tier brands, or fighting brands. In other instances, firms need to explore supply- and demand-based strategies to deter gray market activity. Alternative organization formats for gray market surveillance and control are discussed. Difficulties associated with conducting gray market research as well as directions for future research in gray markets are covered.     

Market responsiveness, top management risk taking, and the role of strategic learning as determinants of market pioneering

This study investigates managerial and organizational factors associated with engaging in a market pioneering strategy. Specifically, top management risk taking and the firm-level capability of market responsiveness are hypothesized to be associated with market pioneering. Additionally, strategic learning self efficacy is hypothesized to moderate the effects of top management risk taking and market responsiveness on market pioneering. Moderated regression analysis based on data collected from 111 manufacturing firms supports the hypotheses. Top management risk taking and market responsiveness positively predict the use of a pioneering strategy. Strategic learning self efficacy makes market pioneering more palatable to risk-averse top managers who might not otherwise engage in pioneering. Finally, strategic learning self efficacy strengthens the relationship between market responsiveness and market pioneering. Implications for future theory, practice, and research are discussed.     

Competing in an emerging market: antecedents and consequences of market orientation and the role of environmental factors

Adoption of market orientation is an investment decision involved with benefit and cost considerations. How environmental factors influence the adoption of market orientation has received scant attention in the literature. This study fills the void by investigating the environmental antecedents to market orientation. In addition, the research explores the role market orientation and customer satisfaction play for firms operating in an emerging market in search of growth and prosperity. Based on data collected from India, one of the BRIC nations and an important emerging market, results show that turbulent and dynamic market conditions foster an adoption of market orientation, which leads to high levels of customer satisfaction, and in turn leads to customer loyalty. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.