中央银行独立性测度及其与通胀的关系——基于文献研究视角

央行独立性是经济政策研究的重要问题,长期以来备受关注,而独立性的度量问题又是重中之重,由于中央银行测度中会牵涉到众多因素,导致度量方法的选取存在不同的观点;围绕着央行独立性与通货膨胀之间的关系,也存在着诸多争论。文章基于文献研究的视角研究以下两个问题:中央银行独立性的测度方法;独立性与通胀的关系。结论认为目前在我国通货膨胀与央行独立性之间的关系尚不明确;LS测度更符合我国的实际情况。     

对我国中央银行独立性问题的思考

中央银行独立性问题一直是一个备受关注的问题,本文论述了关于中央银行独立性问题的发履历程,主要研究成果和重要的研究结论,介绍了中央银行独立性的测度方法,并对我国中央银行独立性进行研究,支持了中央银行独立性与通货膨胀负相关的已有研究结论,曩后展望了我国中央银行独立性建设.     

我国通货膨胀与中央银行独立性的问题研究

2011年以来,中国人民银行连续七次调高存款准备金率,似乎又把我们引入历史的车轮,让我们不能不重新关注起通货膨胀.西方理论界认为,通货膨胀同中央银行的独立性存在负相关关系.我国通货膨胀的一个关键原因即是中央银行独立性的缺乏.所以应通过有效途径来提高我国中央银行的独立性.     

转轨经济中中央银行的独立性

中央银行独立性包括法定独立性和真实独立性两个方面的内容，还存在若干其他的分类。中央银行独立性和通货膨胀之间关系的研究一直是中央银行独立性研究的核心内容之一。实证研究表明，转轨经济中中央银行独立性与通货膨胀之间并不存在显著的相关性。但增强中央银行独立性对于转轨中国家而言，仍具有十分重要的意义。     

中央银行预期管理的前提、方法和效果:国际比较和中国实证研究

中央银行预期管理需要一定的条件,如能力、信任度、透明度和制度保证。虽然各国中央银行预期管理千差万别,但是都重视对经济增长和通货膨胀预期的管理,区间也多以1年以上的长期管理为主。本文研究发现,我国中央银行对经济增长和通货膨胀预测都优于国际货币基金组织,但是城镇居民物价预期指数信息含量较北大朗润预测稍差。因此,本文建议中国人民银行恢复对我国和世界宏观经济主要指标数值预测的公布,进一步提高改进宏观预测能力,提高其预测对商业机构预测的影响。     

通货膨胀目标制的国际实践及启示

物价稳定是经济增长的重要前提对物价稳定作为货币政策首要目标的认识,是随着货币政策理论的进展和中央银行实践经验的积累等因素而愈加深刻。诺贝尔经济学奖得主卢卡斯认为,控制通货膨胀和维护物价稳定(既要对通货膨胀承担责任,也要对通货紧缩承担责任)是中央银行的惟一职责。"货币政策主要的责     

通货膨胀和银行加息对中小型企业的影响

通货膨胀是目前我国金融市场的一大热点，随着通货膨胀的日益剧烈，我国中央银行采取了财政紧缩政策，提高利率。对我国的中小企业而言，通货膨胀和银行加息对企业的发展也带来了巨大的影响。本文首先对通货膨胀和银行加息进行了概述，在此基础上分析了通货膨胀和银行加息对我国中小企业的影响，并对此提出了相应的看法和建议。     

中央银行的独立性、政策信誉与通货膨胀目标制

通货膨胀目标制作为一种新兴的货币政策框架，近年来备受推崇。实行通货膨胀目标制国家的一个显著特点是大都实施了加强中央银行独立性的改革。本文依据不同的方法测算出实行通货膨胀目标制国家的中央银行独立性指数，分析了通货膨胀目标制框架下中央银行独立性加强与政策信誉之间的关系。     

通胀预期管理下中央银行沟通的有效性研究——基于中国2003～2010年数据的实证分析

有效管理通货膨胀预期已成为中央银行货币政策调控的重要任务之一。近几年,世界上很多国家通过实施中央银行沟通引导市场预期,实现有效的货币政策调控。本文通过考察通货膨胀预期和中央银行沟通及其他经济变量之间的相关关系,分析中央银行沟通能否有效引导市场通胀预期。结果显示,由于缺乏系统性,中央银行沟通对市场预期的引导作用仍不如其他经济变量,但国内中央银行沟通对市场通胀预期的影响是显著的。其中,相对书面沟通,口头沟通对通胀预期的影响更为显著。在目前较强的通胀预期背景下,系统实施中央银行沟通将对未来通胀预期的管理起到积极作用。     

新兴市场国家中央银行透明度计量分析

近年来中央银行透明度成为理论与实务界的热点话题。本文利用中央银行政策分析的一个经典模型,证明中央银行透明度虽然不影响平均产出与平均通货膨胀,但是可以降低产出与通货膨胀的波动。通过对26个新兴市场国家中央银行透明度与宏观经济表现的计量分析,本文发现除了通货膨胀波动以外,所有经验结果均支持理论结论。这样,本文结论支持了中央银行透明度的发展方向。     

Measuring Persistence in Inflation: Evidence For angola

The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree of persistence in five inflation indicators for Angola, and to identify the implications for decision making. Our results suggest that when structural breaks are accounted for, all five inflation indicators are stationary. Second, our findings suggest that persistence is not too high. Moreover, the degree of persistence is similar among the five inflation indicators and throughout the sample period. Finally, our results also show that extracting the most volatile components of the headline inflation indicator does not generate a new inflation indicator that is less volatile and more persistent than the original. These results have important policy implications as the National Bank of Angola is preparing to change its monetary policy focus to a more inflation‐targeting regime.     

Monetary Policy Committee Transparency: Measurement,Determinants, and Economic Effects

This paper studies monetary policy committee transparency (MPCT) based on a new index that measures central bankers’ educational and professional backgrounds as disclosed through central bank websites. Based on a novel cross-sectional data set covering 75 central banks, we investigate the determinants of MPCT as well as its economic consequences. We find that past inflation, institutional indicators, and monetary policy strategy are important determinants of MPCT. MPCT has a robust and significantly negative impact on inflation variability and inflation expectations, even after controlling for important macroeconomic variables and institutional transparency, as well as instrumenting MPCT in various ways. MPCT can be both a complement to and a substitute for institutional transparency.     

Explaining inflation in the period of quantitative easing in Japan: Relative-price changes,aggregate demand,and monetary policy

Concentrating on the period of quantitative easing in Japan, this paper reexamines the correlation between the asymmetry of sectoral relative-price changes and the aggregate inflation rate. This correlation is widely interpreted as evidence that short-run inflation is determined by supply-side factors; however, we study whether, in addition to the inflation rate, monetary policy and aggregate demand explain it. Using producer price index data, we show, first, that the positive and significant effect of relative-price change asymmetries on inflation is not robust with respect to various indicators of asymmetry. Second, using a VAR framework, we find that aggregate demand robustly affects the measures of asymmetries, which raises doubt about whether they can be interpreted as pure supply-side indicators. Third, in addition to the indirect effect via measures of asymmetries, demand directly affects inflation. Thus, we reject the claim that the recent disinflation/deflation period in Japan can be understood as primarily a supply-side phenomenon and suggest that the main driving force was demand, whereas supply and monetary policy were of lesser importance.     

House Prices and the Stance of Monetary Policy: The Case of Korea

Abstract

This paper is an empirical investigation on whether the Bank of Korea should respond to the housing price developments in conducting monetary policy. For that aim, we construct a small scale empirical model of the Korean economy, simulate the estimated model with a set of alternative monetary policy rules, and compare the stabilization performances of those rules. There turns out to be ample room for further stabilization of inflation and output, if the central bank shifts from the historically conducted monetary policy rule to the optimal rule. The stabilization gains under the optimal rule, however, are not attributable to additional policy indicators (such as housing price inflation) the optimal rule involves. Rather, the optimal rule improves upon the historical one because the former takes a quite different reaction scheme toward the historical policy indicators. Moreover, as long as the Bank of Korea maintains appropriate reactions to the historical policy indicators, housing price inflation does not contain much extra information for further stabilization     

我国通货膨胀的测度及其影响因素的实证分析——兼论我国现阶段的通货膨胀形势

2010年下半年以来,我国日益严峻的通胀形势引起广泛关注。文章首先通过对5个主要价格指数1990-2010年的数据进行因子分析,得到的通胀一紧缩因子作为对通货膨胀的测度。进而建立多变量时间序列变动因素分析模型对影响通货膨胀的11个指标进行实证分析,得到三个公因子即成本及经济增长因子、需求因子和货币因子,并通过计量回归模型得出这些因子对我国通货膨胀的量化影响。文章还讨论了我国现阶段的通胀形势,对我国的通货膨胀的容忍区间进行了分析,认为现阶段我国通货膨胀在1．87％-4．87％范围内是合理的。     

Inflation targeting in Indonesia, 1999–2012: an ex-post review

Around the end of 1999, Bank Indonesia (BI) adopted inflation targeting as part of its approach to monetary policy. This article reviews the experience up to 2012, examines BI's performance in hitting its inflation targets and considers certain broader indicators of success. Overall, inflation targeting in Indonesia has been a messy, evolutionary process, and BI's implementation record compares unfavourably with that of its peers. Yet Indonesia recorded a significant downward trend in inflation during this period and maintained strong economic growth. Also, almost all of its inflation-targeting arrangements are now in line with common international practice. Looking ahead, this article offers suggestions for sustaining progress in inflation targeting, such as setting more ambitious targets in the outer years and implementing strong policies to reduce inflation further, including after large administrative price shocks.     

Political business cycles and monetary policy revisited–an application of a two-dimensional asymmetric Taylor reaction function

This paper uses two-dimensional asymmetric Taylor reaction functions for 16 OECD-countries to account for different reactions to the inflation rate and output by central banks before or after an election of the fiscal authorities in the respective country. Important for such an investigation is not only the period before or after an election takes place but also whether the inflation rate and output are below or above their target or potential value because this information shows whether the central bank systematically deviates from the Taylor rule. Using a Panel-GMM we observe that in the OECD-countries there are political business cycles in monetary policy with respect to the inflation and output response. However, the supporting time horizon differs between both exogenous indicators and state of variables.     

A nonlinear ARDL model of inflation dynamics in the Philippine economy

This study investigated whether global oil price changes, exchange rate, interest rate, and economic output exert symmetric or asymmetric pass-through effects on inflation in the Philippines. A Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model was fitted to the observable data using quarterly observations from 1998 to 2019. Knowledge of these relationships is important in monetary policy setting in achieving targeted inflation; the Philippines adopted inflation targeting in 2002. The finding shows that world oil price shocks are still prominent and the most important determinants of inflation variations in the country. There is prima facie evidence on the short-run asymmetry of oil price changes to inflation. Exchange rate pass-through to inflation was very minimal in the short-run, and there is no long-run effect. Evidence that interest rate and demand shocks have a long-run asymmetric effect on inflation was found. These findings imply that monetary policy setting should account for the asymmetric effects of inflation determinants. Study results provide a deeper understanding of how positive and negative changes of inflation determinants affect actual inflation, which aids policymakers in achieving targeted inflation.     

通货膨胀目标制的实证研究

通货膨胀目标制作为一个货币政策框架已经在很多国家得到实施,总体而言是比较成功的,国外不少学者对通货膨胀目标制的实施状况进行了实证研究,本文从影响一国通货膨胀目标制决策的因素以及支持和反对通货膨胀目标制3个角度对目前的实证研究状况进行概括。     

Leading Indicators of Currency Crises: Are They the Same in Different Exchange Rate Regimes?

We investigate whether leading indicators of currency crises differ across exchange rate regimes using data for 88 countries in the period 1981–2010. Our estimates suggest that in fixed exchange rate regimes external indicators, such as deviations of the real exchange rate from trend and the growth of international reserves, have the strongest predictive power. In contrast, in floating exchange rate regimes monetary policy and credibility indicators, such as domestic credit growth and inflation, are the best leading indicators of currency crises. Both credibility and external economic indicators have predictive power in intermediate exchange rate regimes.