Spatial Interaction,Spatial Multipliers and Hospital Competition

The hospital competition literature shows that estimates of the effect of local market structure (concentration) on pricing (competition) are sensitive to geographic market definition. Our spatial lag model approach effects smoothing of the explanatory variables across the discrete market boundaries, resulting in robust estimates of the impact of market structure on hospital pricing, which can be used to estimate the full effect of changes in prices inclusive of spillovers that cascade through the neighboring hospital markets. The full amount, generated by the spatial multiplier effect, is a robust estimate of the impacts of market factors on hospital competition. We contrast ordinary least squares and spatial lag estimates to demonstrate the importance of robust estimation in analysis of hospital market competition. In markets where concentration is relatively high before a proposed merger, we demonstrate that Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) can lead to the wrong policy conclusion while the more conservative lag estimates do not.     

Multistrategic Spatial Competition in Banking

This paper presents a model whereby banking firms use various strategies (price and non‐price) simultaneously in a monopolistically competitive model of spatial competition when the various strategies are used across different markets in the presence of a multioutput technology. The theoretical model is estimated with Spanish data pertaining to the pre‐ and post‐deregulatory periods in order to investigate the effects of deregulation of both interest rates and branches on the (differential) strategic conduct of private and savings bank.     

空间竞争、房价收入比与房价

本文通过构建一个房地产市场空间竞争模型,分别就Cournot竞争和价格合谋情形,探讨了开发商的位置及其密度如何影响均衡开发量、房价和社会福利.本文的基本结论是:空间竞争决定了房价,而非房价收入比;市场决定的价格不一定为合理性价格;房价与市中心距离和开发商密度成反比;空间垄断是房价刚性的根本原因.因此,要将刚性房价降下来,政府一方面应将大项目拆分为小项目,促进竞争,另一方面应对空间垄断进行管制.     

Market Concentration and Product Variety under Spatial Competition: Evidence from Retail Gasoline

We show that for a spatially differentiated economy reduced product variety is the likely outcome of mergers except in cases where exit costs in relation to (outlet specific) fixed costs are high. Our empirical analysis of the Austrian retail gasoline market confirms that increases in concentration reduce product variety. Ignoring this product variety effect is likely to lead to an underestimate of market power in structural merger analysis.     

税收竞争的空间相关性和FDI效应:一个实证分析

随着各地吸引外资程度的加强,税收优惠政策被政府广泛使用,从而被认为是吸引FDI的有效工具。通过空间计量模型分析,发现具有相似地理位置的省份在税收政策上具有税收模仿性,税收竞争呈现一定的空间相关性,但是这些税收竞争在促进FDI上并没有显著效果,能够明显影响外资选址有效性的是市场化程度,而市场化程度的建设离不开公共财政制度的完善。     

竞争情报与企业竞争

竞争情报的产生和发展是市场竞争的客观要求 ,随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展 ,我国成功地加入WTO ,市场竞争将日趋激烈 ,只有全面把握竞争环境 ,了解竞争对手的情报 ,制定科学的竞争策略 ,企业才能在竞争中取得优势 ,竞争情报在市场竞争中将发挥更重要的作用     

Efficient Computation of Hedging Portfolios for Options with Discontinuous Payoffs

We consider the problem of computing hedging portfolios for options that may have discontinuous payoffs, in the framework of diffusion models in which the number of factors may be larger than the number of Brownian motions driving the model. Extending the work of Fournié et al. (1999) , as well as Ma and Zhang (2000) , using integration by parts of Malliavin calculus, we find two representations of the hedging portfolio in terms of expected values of random variables that do not involve differentiating the payoff function. Once this has been accomplished, the hedging portfolio can be computed by simple Monte Carlo. We find the theoretical bound for the error of the two methods. We also perform numerical experiments in order to compare these methods to two existing methods, and find that no method is clearly superior to others.     

城市零售流通系统的空间竞争结构及其变化--以日本为例

本文以日本为例,对城市零售流通系统的空间竞争结构及其变化问题进行了较为深入的研究。研究的初步结论是:城市零售流通系统的空间结构会随着城市的发展而不断发生变化,城市发展阶段不同,城市零售流通系统的空间结构也不同;大城市首先发生零售流通系统规模结构的变化,进而波及到地方城市或中小城市;随着城市的发展,城市零售流通系统出现了许多相互区隔、相互竞争的零售市场空间;零售商业集聚的竞争优势会不断发生变化,一些新的零售商业集聚区也会不断出现。     

Competition in Markets and Competition for Markets

This paper builds on a distinction that is sometimes made between competition in a market and competition for a market. Competition for a market refers to the struggle to create a new market, or to erect a new standard, and it is usually associated with the process of innovation that brings new displacing technologies to market. Competition in a market is the conventional view of competition, and concentrates on the actions of incumbents and imitative entrants in well-established markets. The paper reviews some of the issues that competition for markets raises for anti-trust policy makers, and then asks whether competition for a market is a perfect substitute for competition in a market.     

Competition and Competition Policy in a Data-Driven Economy

Intereconomics - Data has become a crucial resource to increase firms' efficiency in product design, production, distribution, marketing and virtually all parts of the value chain. From a...     

中国式财政分权、地方政府竞争与循环经济绩效——基于动态广义空间模型的分析

本文运用主成分分析法和功效系数法测算出2007～2016年中国省域循环经济绩效值,并基于动态广义空间模型,检验了中国式财政分权、地方政府竞争对循环经济绩效的影响。研究表明:中国式财政分权对循环经济绩效的影响为负,且这种负向影响通过区域间的"空间溢出"作用进一步导致循环经济绩效的下降;地方政府竞争对循环经济绩效的影响呈倒"U"型曲线特征;中国式财政分权与地方政府竞争的交互作用对循环经济绩效的影响在不同空间权重矩阵中并不稳定。最后,本文就如何提升循环经济绩效提出了相应的政策建议。     

国际竞争已成责任竞争 访谈嘉宾：中国对外承包工程商会副会长迟长海

国际竞争已经从价格、质量竞争走向责任竞争，这个历史趋势是我们必须面对、必须认识到的。这也是我们这个行业在三十年发展中得到的体会。”中国对外承包工程商会（以下简称承包商会）迟长海副会长用这样一句话来阐释对外承包工程企业履行社会责任的重要性和紧迫性。采访当天，迟会长用了近两个小时的时间耐心地回答了我们关于企业社会责任的各种问题，     

竞争与合作

企业成败的关键 中国对外承包工程商会迟长海副会长曾说过一段颇为精彩的话:正确处理好竞争与合作的关系,是企业实现发展的重要条件.竞争发展到一定程度,必然会出现合作的需求;通过合作,可走向更高层次的竞争.没有竞争能力的企业不能在市场中生存;同样,没有合作能力的企业也不能在市场中生存.在经济全球化、市场国际化的今天,这一点尤为重要.合作带来经验,不仅能实现优势互补,还能提高优势的利用率.     

Competition in the UK Retail Financial Service Sector: Some Implications for the Spatial Distribution and Function of Bank Branches

Traditionally, banks have tended to operate in a highly stable environment. However, in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in competition in the UK retail financial service sector. Some of the reasons for this increase in competition are discussed in this article as are the implications it holds for the spatial distribution and functions of bank branches. Particular emphasis is given to the different ways in which the same, or a similar, service can be provided and the effects this is having on the skill requirements of bank staff.     

Technology and Competition Economics

Abstract

Advances in technology are creating new business models. The internet means that consumers can access a wide variety of potential suppliers. Those suppliers may have extensive data on individual consumers, and the interactions between buyers and sellers may be moderated by large, potentially dominant, platforms such as Google and Facebook. Competition authorities and policy makers are grappling with the issues raised by technology. However, the tools available to regulators are often laws that were designed for a pre-internet world. It is not clear if these laws can adapt. This article briefly surveys three areas of particular concern for both economic researchers and competition authorities: the competitive implications of two-sided markets; price restrictions imposed by internet platforms on retailers; and the use of personalized data by sellers.     

Outsourcing and Competition Policy

We analyze optimal competition policy by a Competition Agency (CA) in a model with two countries, North and South, were a final good is produced by Northern oligopolistic firms using an input that can either be produced within the firm (vertical integration) or outsourced to Southern oligopolistic producers with lower labor costs (outsourcing). In the case where the final good is only consumed in the North, a CA in the South would optimally appropriate outsourcing rents through restrictions on the degree of competition among domestic firms. If the final good is consumed in both countries, we find that optimal competition policy in the South is marginally affected by the share of Southern consumption, leaving relatively important incentives to engage in rent-shifting. For a high enough share of Southern consumption, however, the interaction between the Northern and Southern CA is shown to be of the Prisoner’s Dilemma type, whereby the Nash equilibrium is Pareto-suboptimal and mutual cooperation on competition policy is globally desirable.     

“空调后竞争时代”的竞争法则

空调行业品牌高度集中，已经进入后竞争时代。奥克斯空调营销总经理郑宏伟语出惊人：品牌定位不清晰的企业要被洗掉，总成本不领先的企业要被洗掉，年产规模达不到500万台的企业要被洗掉。     

试论信息非对称条件下的消费者主权保护

消费者主权是现代市场经济的基本特征和维护市场机制高效运行的重要保障。但由于消费信息的非对称而使消费者主权受到了诸多损害,从而不利于市场机制的高效运作和市场经济的健康发展。为此,应分析消费信息非对称对消费者主权造成的损害,采取有效措施,保护消费者主权,促进经济健康发展。