中国传统农业规划实践与启示

[目的]从土地利用规划、村镇规划、水利工程规划、生态环境规划等四个方面论述传统农业规划的主要做法和经验,并总结对现阶段我国农业和农村建设的启示。[方法]采用文献调研与对比研究相结合的方法,通过文献调研总结古代农业规划经验,利用对比研究提出对我国现代农业发展的启示。[结果]传统农业强调因地制宜,根据土壤质量、气候条件等优化农产品布局,充分考虑环境容量、便利性、环境改善等进行城镇规划,注重风水理论在村镇规划中应用,按照尊重自然、顺应自然、融入自然、灌排调相结合建设了一批重大水利工程。[结论]传统农业规划思想对于土地利用及产业布局优化、农业生态环境的保护与制度建设、新农村建设等具有重要的借鉴意义。     

我国农业生态经济系统耦合协调发展研究

[目的]探索我国农业生态系统与农业经济系统的协调发展规律,为中国农业生态与农业经济健康有序协同发展的政策制定提供智力支持。[方法]通过构建农业生态系统与农业经济系统综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法确定各指标权重,基于2004—2017年全国统计数据,借助耦合协调度模型,计算出农业生态系统和农业经济系统的发展得分,再分析农业生态系统与经济系统发展的耦合协调关系。[结果]2004—2017年中国农业生态与经济发展综合水平整体均呈现上升趋势,农业生态系统得分始终高于农业经济发展得分;两系统的耦合度处于较高水平,耦合协调度逐年上升,协调程度从中度协调过渡到极度协调。[结论]加快创新驱动发展,发展“产品品质高、经济效益高、生态环境友好”的高质量农业,优化财政支农机构、重点支持具有生态正向外部性的项目。加强环境规制力度,以绿色发展路径实现农业生态与经济的协同。     

传统农业思想及其现代生态价值

本文以“天人合一”的农业生态系统为总体架构，通过梳理、分析传统农业所蕴含的循环经济思想和珍惜、保护、适应生态环境的传统理念，从中提炼支撑和指导传统农业持续发展的理论、原理和规则，探索将传统农业思想嵌入现代农业生态体系，为构建现代农业产业体系、生产体系、经营体系提供新的路径选择。     

中国传统农业生态思想与农业持续发展

中国传统农业生态思想的精髓是人与自然的和谐与统一。传统农业遵循“天人合一”架构下的天、地、人、物的协调统一 ,即视天地自然环境、动植物生长与人的实践活动为一有机整体。由此引导了生态化的农业理论和技术及其精耕细作的优良传统 ,维持了农业的持续发展。现代农业以化石能源投入为主 ,面临资源、环境、生态等一系列问题 ,影响了农业的持续发展。对此 ,许多国家开始转向 ,生态农业、绿色农业、环保农业等所谓“持续农业”模式纷纷登场 ,力求发展和持续并重。由此可见 ,中国传统农业生态思想对于现代农业持续发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

江西智慧渔业发展对策研究

<正>发展智慧农业是提高渔业资源利用效率、改善水域生态环境、保障水产品安全的重要举措。传统生态智慧普遍高度重视对水域生态系统的养护,智慧渔业需要重拾传统,继承发扬传统生态智慧,培育人们的生态意识,为生态渔业正名和扬名,破解"重野生轻养殖"的消费心理。同时,智慧渔业的发展要求产业与科技相融合,用技术推动生产全过程,提高渔业资源利用效率、提高产出率、降低浪费、杜绝污染。现在网络已经不再是城市的专     

生态文明建设视角下推进农业绿色发展的思考

[目的]党的十九大提出了要加快生态文明体制改革,建设美丽中国。绿色发展是生态文明建设的基本途径之一。农业是与自然联系最为紧密的产业,是生态文明建设的重要领域,农业绿色发展不仅是时代发展的使命所需,也有自身发展的内在需求,必须创新举措,加以持续推进。[方法]在系统梳理生态文明、绿色发展及农业可持续推进相关文献的基础上,全面分析了我国农业绿色发展的重要意义、面临形势和存在的主要问题。[结果]传统农业增长模式面临的资源透支、环境污染、生态系统退化、质量安全风险等问题日益突出,成为制约农业可持续发展的关键因素;当前推进农业绿色发展存在5个方面的问题:政府大力推动与农业生产者认知之间的差距、新型应用技术与农民文化素质之间的差距、土地规模效益与当前农户实际经营规模之间的差距、农业绿色发展的内涵要求与农业补贴政策之间有矛盾、短期内生产效益下降风险与农民经济人本性之间有矛盾。[结论]运用战略思维,提出了推进农业绿色发展的5条对策建议:树立农业绿色发展的创新理念、完善农业绿色发展的补贴政策、强化农业绿色发展的科技支撑、扶持适度规模的农业经营主体、实施农业绿色发展的重大工程。     

基于信息生态理论的农业产业链优化路径研究

[目的]当农业信息生态处于失衡状态时,农业产业的价值增值效率就会受损,文章应用信息生态理论研究农业产业链的延伸、整合与提升,由此探索现代农业产业链的优化路径,以期更好地促进我国农业的现代化、信息化和产业的可持续发展。[方法]该文以点、线、面的逻辑递进思路,从信息生态位视角研究了农业产业链中信息的功能生态位、资源生态位和时空生态位;从信息生态链视角分析了农业产业链中信息流转映射出的物和资金的运转问题;从信息生态系统视角剖析了农业产业链中信息资源、信息主体和信息环境3个系统构成要素的相互关系。[结果](1)农业产业链的横向与纵向延伸是实现其优化的基本路径,合理布局和增加其中的信息生态位,可有效提升产业链的优化效率;(2)农业产业链中各环节的有机整合是提升其价值增值的关键举措,而基于信息生态链监控下的人、财、物等资源的合理配置和有效协同则成为必然选择;(3)实现农业产业链整体素质的提升是其优化的终极目标,从信息生态系统的高度统筹规划产业链发展是农业信息化和现代化的现实需求。[结论]对柑橘产业链的实证研究表明,国家现代农业产业技术体系的发展为运用信息生态理论优化农业产业链提供了良好的契机,构建相应的产业信息生态系统理论框架对提升产业竞争协作力和可持续发展能力意义重大,无论在宏观政策制订和微观产业指导中都应予以足够重视。     

绿色生产视角下的“三品一标”发展研究

在当前传统农业向现代农业转变的关键时期,推进绿色生产是保护农业生态环境、实现农业可持续发展的必然要求.绿色生产有着丰富的内涵和鲜明的特征,即生产过程标准化、终端产品优质化、整体效益最大化和发展方式可持续.“三品一标”和绿色生产在内涵和外延上高度统一,是绿色生产的具体表现形式,“三品一标”在促进农业生态环境保护、增强生产者绿色生产意识、促进农业生产方式转变和提升农产品质量安全水平等方面发挥了显著作用.本文在总结“三品一标”在促进绿色生产方面发挥的主要作用的基础上,重点探讨了如何积极发展”三品一标”的问题并就此提出了政策建议.     

农业资源节约优先与台账制度若干问题思考

[目的]2016年国务院关于印发全国农业现代化规划(2016-2020)的通知提出"建立重要农业资源台账制度"。党的十九大报告提出了"节约优先"的生态文明建设指导方针。[方法]文章提出按照"1+4"框架,贯彻落实节约优先生态文明建设方针,推进国家重要农业资源台账制度建设。[结果]"1"是指树立一个以有用、有限、有主、有价和有效为核心的现代农业资源观。"4"是指四大战略路径:一是强化农业资源监测,摸清农业资源底数及其动态变化趋势;二是推进农业资源资产化,激发农民节约使用和保护农业资源的内生动力;三是推行绿色生产方式,将资源利用规模、利用强度和空间布局控制在资源承载力和环境容量许可范围内;四是建立激励约束并重的长效机制,有效规范和引导政府、生产者、消费者等相关主体行为。[结论]通过这些措施的实施,可推动农业尽快走上资源节约、绿色发展的道路。     

乡村振兴视域下我国农业绿色发展的五个维度探赜

绿色发展理念作为一种精神力量,为经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设和生态文明建设提供有力的思想保证和精神动力。党的十九大提出乡村振兴战略,绿色是农业永续发展的必要条件,现代农业绿色发展即用绿色发展理念谋划现代农业,是实现乡村振兴的关键。深刻理解农业绿色发展需要从经济、政治、社会、文化和生态五个维度来思考,生态农业产业化是农业绿色发展的根本、良好的政治生态是农业绿色发展的保障、农耕文化是农业绿色发展的基础、绿色民生是农业绿色发展的目标、生态文明建设是农业绿色发展的方向。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.