优化农业政策过程 实现农业政策目标

正公共政策的本质是对社会利益和公共价值的权威性分配,合法性和公共性是公共政策的价值取向和逻辑起点。农业政策统属于公共政策,遵循公共政策的基本特征与基本规律。农业政策过程的基本遵循与基本逻辑。以农业生产特性为基本逻辑起点和出发点,以实现农业承载的公共目标为终极性价值诉求,遵循公共政策过程的基本规律,是农业政策制定、执行和评估应遵循的基本逻辑。即要在确定某问题在政府职责范围内的前提下,在需求调     

退耕还林公共政策评估研究综述

从退耕还林公共政策评估的概念、政策目标的评估、政策方案存在问题的评价、政策评估的测报指标及评估方法、政策完善和保持连续性的措施、政策评估研究的发展方向等6个方面对中国退耕还林政府工程及宏观政策的研究进行了综述,以期将工程进展及影响方面的信息传达给政策决策者、工程管理人员及公众。     

省供销社庞新副主任在河北省再生资源行业协会成立大会上的讲话

我们省再生资源行业协会,经省民政厅批准,现在正式成立了,我代表省社向一贯关心、支持再生资源回收行业的各位领导,向省直有关部门和各新闻单位的朋友们表示衷心的感谢,对行业协会的成立表示热烈的祝贺。今夭我借这个机会讲几点意见,供参考。一、成立协会,发挥行业优势河北省再生资源行业协会的成立,是全省再生资源回收行业广大干部、职工共同关心、盼望已久的大事,行业协会的成立,必将促进全省再生资源行业的振兴和发展。近十年来,再生资源回收行业发展很快,成绩是巨大的。去年以来,虽然受税制改革的影响较大,多数企业购销额下降,在这种情况下全省年回收总量仍达135万吨。其中废钢铁达81万吨,有色金属近万吨,造纸原料和化工原料60多万吨,总值达十亿三千多万元,加工产值也有较大增长。建国40多年来,一再生资源回收行业队伍不断发展壮大,全省已达到28000人,成为全省再生资源回收、加工与综合利用的一支重要力量,每年为国家收集大量约资源,给工业生产提供了大量的原材料,为发展河北经济做出了很大的贡献。同时,为节约能源,净化环境,保护生态平衡做了突出的贡献。     

公共政策视角下的新生代农民工城市融入问题探究北大核心CSSCI

新生代农民工城市融入问题不仅关乎着自身及其家庭福祉的提升,对社会稳定与发展也具有极为重要的现实意义。作为推动新生代农民工有效融入城市的重要工具,公共政策愈来愈受到理论界和实务界的关注,但政策供给的质量与新生代农民工城市融入的实际需要还有距离,尤其是在公共政策价值、公共政策支撑性、公共政策评估等方面还有很大的提升空间。     

公共政策视角下的新生代农民工城市融入问题探究

新生代农民工城市融入问题不仅关乎着自身及其家庭福祉的提升,对社会稳定与发展也具有极为重要的现实意义。作为推动新生代农民工有效融入城市的重要工具,公共政策愈来愈受到理论界和实务界的关注,但政策供给的质量与新生代农民工城市融入的实际需要还有距离,尤其是在公共政策价值、公共政策支撑性、公共政策评估等方面还有很大的提升空间。     

公共政策执行阻力因素分析

公共政策的效果要受到公共政策执行过程相关因素的影响。在公共政策执行中,政策主体方面的因素、政策本身的因素、资源和环境方面的因素以及体制因素是关键的阻碍因素。应加强政治社会化功能,扩大政策宣传：有效利用政策资源,创造良好的公共政策环境;推进行政管理体制改革,构建完善的公共政策执行机制,保证公共政策有效实施。     

政策网络与公共政策效能的实现路径

公共政策效能是政府运用公共政策对政策目标群体所产生的影响。从政策网络视角解析政府政策效能实现的路径是一个新的研究视角。政策网络研究视角不仅是制度主义研究视角和行为主义研究视角之间的纽带,还超越了多元主义研究视角的局限。在政策网络视阈,政策网络的开放程度以及政策网络的集成程度是政府政策效能释放的关键因素。提高政策网络的集成程度,有效解决政策执行传导环节的“中梗阻”现象,扩大政策网络的开放程度,有效解决政策执行基层落实环节的“最后一公里”现象,从而实现公共政策的整体效能。     

建设社会主义新农村的公共政策体系建构

社会主义新农村的基本内涵揭示了公共政策体系建构的现实目标,中国农村现状和新农村建设的要求决定了建构农村公共政策体系的政策取向、政策客体、政策措施和政策困境以及农村公共政策体系纵向建构、横向建构、过程建构的三个向度。     

再生资源业的振兴与发展

本文仅就再生资源行业的生存和发展问题谈几点看法,与同行们商榷。一、现代经济社会的可持续发展呼唤再生资源行业的振兴当今世界上各发达国家都把对废旧物资的再生利用,作为其经济社会可持续发展的战略选择,许多发展中国家也正在加快再生资源开发利用。这是因为,地球上有限的自然资源,正在不加限制地开发使用,人口的膨胀以及环境污染,生态平衡的破坏已成为人类面临的严重问题。据有关测算,资源使用每减少一个单位,对环境污染可减少0.6个单位。目前,世界一些主要物资总产量中,依靠再生资源加工制成的,钢为45%,铝为22%,锌为30%,纸张为35%。其中工业发达国家使用回收原料的比例较大,如美国35%的新闻纸是用废纸为原料生产的,日本塑料制品产量的一半来自废塑料,法国铜产品原料的80%来自废铜再生,钢铁的回收率都在60-70%以上。显然,把大量废旧物资回收利用,变废为宝,使资源得以延续使用,已是人类经济发展和社会进步的内在需求和标志。     

公共政策被动参与形成机理分析

广泛的公共政策参与是政策过程民主化的需要,也是彰显公共政策民主化的重要方面。但是,由于受到参与主体参与意识的束缚、政策权威主体的排斥、参与路径不畅等因素的制约,在我国政策领域还普遍存在着被动政策参与。     

国家级节水政策的量化评价及优化路径探析

基于PMC指数模型和文本挖掘技术构建节水政策评价体系,对我国6项典型国家级节水政策进行量化评价。结果表明,现行的国家级节水政策整体设计优秀,有一项政策评级达到完美,3项政策评级为优秀,2项政策评级为良好。我国节水政策在政策功能、持续效力、作用层面和市场机制4个方面仍存在可改进之处。在此基础上对节水政策提出充分发挥政策功能、推动权责向基层下沉、加快完善市场机制、有机结合长中短期规划4项优化建议。     

反食物浪费政策的落地：国际经验与本土实践

[目的]粮食安全战略是国家安全战略的重要组成部分,粮食浪费是危害我国粮食安全的重要因素,为保障粮食安全,减少粮食浪费尤为重要。[方法]文章从法律法规、政策措施、运行机制三方面系统梳理了美国和法国减少食物浪费的经验做法。[结果]在法律法规方面,美国的法律法规强调引导激励作用;法国的法律法规双管齐下,兼顾引导激励和处罚遏制。在政策措施方面,美国构建了差异化食物回收等级体系、通过投资教育等方式助力反食物浪费;法国更注重发挥社会各界的力量,引导社会力量进行自我管理和反食物浪费。在运行机制方面,美国和法国均通过多部门协作、多领域减少食物浪费,但在非政府组织的参与程度上,美国非政府组织的参与程度明显高于法国。[结论]参考他国经验,基于本国国情,建议：制定法律政策的实施细则,兼顾引导激励和处罚遏制;建立多层次的食物回收等级体系,提升食物回收再利用的效率;加强各部门间的协作,在全过程形成反食物浪费的合力;号召社会各界踊跃参与,将反食物浪费化为全社会的自觉行动。     

低碳试点政策对城市土地绿色利用的影响——基于双重差分模型的实证研究

研究目的：探究低碳试点政策对城市土地绿色利用的影响效应与内在机制，以期从环境政策的角度为城市土地绿色利用提供对策建议。研究方法：Super-SBM模型、双重差分模型。研究结果：低碳试点政策对试点城市的土地绿色利用效率具有显著的促进作用，在考虑地区与时间特征以及其他影响因素的情况下，该促进效应为1.16%。机制分析结果显示，首先，低碳试点政策的实施对于当地产业结构转型具有促进作用，并表现为第一、第三产业比重的上升和第二产业比重的下降；其次，低碳城市建设所引致的城市创新能力的增强，通过低碳技术研发与应用，对土地绿色利用效率具有提升效应。研究结论：应通过持续推进低碳试点政策改革、结合本地产业特征引导产业转型、鼓励技术引进与创新等措施促进我国城市土地资源的绿色高效利用。     

土地资源配置方式改革与公共政策转变

研究目的:通过考察我国土地资源配置方式改革进程以及现有的公共政策体系,明确土地资源配置方式改革的目标取向和与之相对应的公共政策转变。研究方法:文献资料法和归纳分析法。研究结果:土地资源低效利用以及伴随的生态环境问题是落后的土地资源配置方式与低效公共政策作用的必然结果。研究结论:通过结合公共政策转变可能遇到的难点进行分析认为,明晰土地财产权权利、培育市场竞争主体以及依据公共政策的制定基础变化调整政策目标等方面的改革是改善土地资源配置效率及增进社会福利必须突破的3点。     

Water pricing policies,public decision making and farmers' response: implications for water policy

The problems caused by water scarcity demand important changes in the criteria and objectives of water policies. The agricultural sector in Spain consumes up to 80% of all available hydric resources and the need to increase the efficiency of current uses of water in the agricultural sector is at the core of the country's national water policy. One alternative would be to resort to water pricing policies with the aim of providing incentives to save water consumption although it would inflict a certain degree of income losses to the farmers and raise the revenue collected by the water authorities. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect caused by the application of different water pricing policies on water demand, farmers' income and the revenue collected by the government agency. To undertake this analysis a dynamic mathematical programming model has been built that simulates farmers' behavior and their response to different water pricing scenarios. Empirical application of the model has been carried out in several irrigation districts in Spain covering varied farm regions and river basins. Results show that the effects of alternative pricing policies for irrigation water are strongly dependent on regional, structural and institutional conditions and that changing policies produce distinct consequences within the same region and water district. Thus, equivalent water charges would create widespread effects on water savings, farm income and collected government revenue across regions and districts.     

Evaluating policy changes on council waste generation and diversion: Evidence from South Australia

Australia, like most countries worldwide, faces increasing issues with burgeoning waste generation and its appropriate disposal. Hence, effective policies and programmes are needed to change household waste generation and recycling behaviour, thereby reducing waste into landfill. To date, however, there has been little academic research on the potential effects of various policies on waste generation. We employ a rare data set and the fixed-effects linear regression model with autoregressive disturbances to investigate how a variety of public policies (namely education campaigns, roll-out of food diversion systems and provision of food caddies) influence monthly waste generation and diversion in Adelaide, South Australia, from 2006 to 2020. The results show that the introduction of food waste caddies and diversion systems was associated with increased diversion rates, saving local councils the gross equivalent of AUD$4.67 million in reduced solid waste landfill levies. However, education campaigns regarding food waste and recycling alone were found to have no significant association with reduced waste or increased recycling.     

Empirical evaluation of nonpoint pollution policies under agent heterogeneity: regulating intensive dairy production in the Waikato region of New Zealand*

Models used for policy evaluation rarely consider firm heterogeneity, despite its importance for instrument design. This study considers agent heterogeneity explicitly in the evaluation of policies for nonpoint pollution control through the integration of decomposition and calibration procedures for programming models. The application concerns the regulation of nitrate leaching from intensive dairy production in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Failing to represent firm heterogeneity leads to widely different estimates of mitigation costs, relative to where heterogeneity is considered. Variation in baseline emissions and the slopes of abatement cost curves between firms renders a differentiated policy less costly than a uniform standard. However, the relative values of these policies are not broadly different, as firms required to do the most abatement – intensive farms with large baseline pollutant loads – can do so more cheaply, on average.     

水利资金政策演变与发展趋势研究

水利资金关系我国水利事业发展和水利工程建设运营,水利资金政策则是实现资金规范高效使用与管理的依据和保障。在梳理1980—2020年国家层面关于水利资金政策的基础上,从政策特征、政策主体、政策工具及政策主题多维度运用政策计量方法开展水利资金政策文本分析,探究了我国水利资金政策的全貌及演化规律,找寻新时代水利资金政策的发展趋势。研究发现,政策出台数量与经济社会发展进程相适应,水利现代化改革持续深化;为保证水利资金政策的制定和推行协调顺畅,发文主体以政策网络为主,且逐渐呈现多元化主体共商共治趋势;政策工具以命令控制型为主,相伴导向激励和建议辅助,由单一向组合政策工具转变;政策主题由安全性、保障性的刚性需求转变为整体性、协调性的发展需求。研究结果可为水利资金管理与高效使用提供理论参考。     

Measuring the Trade Restrictiveness of Domestic Support using the EU Common Agricultural Policy as an Example

We develop an index that measures the overall trade effects of domestic support payments. Our index is based on the Mercantilist Trade Restrictiveness Index (MTRI) and is capable of analysing the development of the trade restrictiveness of domestic support payments over time and across countries. It facilitates the evaluation of agricultural policy reforms introducing changes in the composition of domestic support payments. We conduct this analysis with a computable general equilibrium model that is extended to depict detailed agricultural policies using the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (EU) as an example. For the representation of agricultural policies, we updated the underlying database by incorporating detailed EU domestic support payments taken from the OECD Producer Support Estimate (PSE) tables and reconcile PSE data with the WTO classification scheme. Our index confirms a decrease in trade distortion stemming from the implementation of decoupled support in the EU. In addition, the trade-equivalent protection rate shows that the trade restrictiveness of domestic support payments depends on the assumptions made with regard to the degree of decoupling of those payments.     

Quantitative evaluation of China’s cultivated land protection policies based on the PMC-Index model

The evaluation of cultivated land protection policies (CLPP) is the main basis for reducing the deviation of policy implementation and ensuring the sustainable and efficient operation of cultivated land protection. This paper used the PMC-Index model to establish an evaluation system for CLPP, and then quantitatively evaluated 8 CLPP in China since 2004 based on the PMC-Index and PMC-Surface. It was found that the PMC-Index of the selected 8 CLPP have shown an overall upward trend, with the score increased from 4.70 to 6.85. The average value of PMC-Index of the 8 policies was 5.74. 4 policies had a PMC-Index rating of good consistency, and 4 policies were acceptable consistency. This paper further compared and analyzed the differences between policies ranked the first (P8) and the last (P1). The results showed that the existing CLPP had much room for improvement in terms of the structure of policy tools, coordination of policy release agency, and the completeness of policy content. This study is good for fully understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the single policy for China’s cultivated land protection.