中小乳品企业的营销之道

中国的乳品业的发展中，一直是硝烟不断、纷争四起。大乳品品牌气吞山河、攻城掠地，前10家乳品企业年收入占整个乳品市场的70％以上。与此同时，数以千计的中小乳品企业在日益严酷的市场环境中如何生存并发展？本刊采集两篇文章。以抛砖引玉。[编者按]     

中国乳业发展的"支点"——乳品加工大企业

本文通过对中国乳业发展现状的分析指出，在现有体制框架下，能够直接作用于农民的不是市场、政府和农民自己的合作社，而是大型乳品加工企业。大型乳品加工企业是中国乳业发展的“支点”。     

实施五大突破 加快企业发展

改革开放以来 ,西安市畜牧乳品机械厂坚持以市场为导向 ,更新改造旧设备 ,不断开发研制新技术、新工艺 ,努力开发新产品 ,成功开发出奶牛场成套设备 ,为大、中、小型奶牛场和个体养牛户实现奶业机械业、规模化、标准化提供了技术装备。面对新世纪乳品行业大发展和“西部大开发”战略实施的大好机遇 ,该厂提出要实施五大突破 ,加快企业发展。1 解放思想要有新突破。要实现机械厂改革和发展的新突破 ,解放思想是前提。结合本厂实际 ,要破除安于现状 ,小进即满、小富则安 ,不思进取的旧观念 ,树立自强不息、奋发有为、干大事业、求大发展 ,争先…     

基于资本结构优化的乳品企业价值获得途径探析

本文对于乳品企业资本结构优化进行简要概述,提出了乳品企业在激烈的价格战中提升企业价值的途径与方法:实施差异化战略、获得消费者偏好、打破绿色贸易壁垒和推进技术创新,以期提高我国乳品企业的市场竞争力,在全球乳业市场中占有一席之地。     

乳品中有害生物的检测与控制

本文从乳品安全的角度出发,系统介绍了乳品中主要的有害生物及其检测与控制方法,目的在于为乳品的安全生产提供理论依据和相关的技术支持,这对乳品相关企业的生存发展和社会的繁荣稳定具有重要意义。     

中国原奶生产与乳品加工之间纵向组织关系研究

一、中国原奶生产与乳品加工之间纵向组织关系的主要模式原奶生产与乳品加工是乳品产业纵向链上的两个主要上下游活动 ,它们之间的纵向组织关系是指两活动之间通过何种组织方式来实现彼此的协调以促进乳品产业的发展。在市场经济条件下 ,这种纵向组织关系是由上下游主体通过理性的决策而形成的 ,往往因企业、技术、制度和地理位置的不同而表现出多样性。现阶段中国原奶生产与乳品加工之间的纵向组织关系主要有以下几种 :1 农户 (小牧场 ) +奶牛企业 +乳品加工企业这种纵向组织关系一般发生在大城市乳品加工企业与郊区原奶生产之间 ,在大城…     

中国乳品企业间的竞争与产业发展

中国乳品企业为了获得竞争优势，在奶源基地、市场份额、产品质量、研究与开发上展开了激烈的竞争，竞争在促进乳品产业发展的同时，也给原奶生产和乳品企业带来一些问题，不利于乳品产业的发展：需要政府制定相应的纵向组织政策和产业组织政策予以解决。     

外资进入我国乳品产业的现状及风险情况分析——基于对内蒙古自治区乳品企业的调查研究

本文从产业链视角对外资进入内蒙古自治区内的乳品企业进行调研,发现目前外资已经渗透到区内乳品生产的各个环节,但在各个环节的参与力度不同,条件成熟时控制其中某些环节的风险较大.针对调研发现的问题,提出了支持奶源基地建设,理顺乳品产业链上的利益联结机制等方面的政策建议.     

乳品企业核心竞争力评价体系研究

中国的乳品行业正在高速发展,企业间的竞争也异常激烈。但我国乳品企业普遍缺乏竞争力,随着2004年乳制品进口关税的大幅度下降,国际国内企业间的竞争将更加残酷,因此建立企业核心竞争力成为我国乳品企业的当务之急。目前国内关于乳品企业核心竞争力评价体系方面的研究还很少见,本文建立了一套乳品企业核心竞争力评价指标,并采用模糊综合评价法进行评价。     

我国奶业发展面临的新问题与对策建议--对"奶农与乳品加工企业两头不见利"现象的思考

本文依据对我国主要乳品生产基地河北、内蒙古和黑龙江等省份的实地调研数据,深入分析了产生奶牛养殖户和乳品加工企业效益的双重下降这种阶段性现象的根本原因,并提出了从完善乳品企业与奶农的风险共担机制入手推进奶业产业化进程,建设有利于我国奶业发展的政策支持体系以提高奶业的生产力水平的政策建议。     

论粮食筒仓项目建设中除尘系统的选型与安装

本文主要论述除尘系统设计、选型、安装等相关问题,重点就除尘系统安装及调试过程中可能遇到的一些问题进行论述,以减少设备安装阻碍、保证调试工作顺利进行。     

我国奶业市场结构的量化评估、机制分析及规制理路

目的 21世纪以来我国奶业快速发展,市场结构不断呈现新状态和新特征。通过综合研判我国奶业市场的结构类型,进而分析我国现阶段市场结构类型形成的动因及影响,并对奶业寡头垄断市场的政府规制理路提出建议。方法 文章基于2001—2020年《中国奶业年鉴》及企业年报整理所得数据,利用行业集中度指数、洛伦兹曲线与基尼系数、赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数、熵指数综合研判了我国奶业市场的结构类型,进而分析形成动因及影响,并结合国内外经验对奶业寡头垄断市场的政府规制理路提出建议。结果 （1）近20年我国奶业市场结构呈现3阶段变化,2004年及以前处于垄断竞争阶段;2005—2016年处于垄断竞争向寡头垄断过渡阶段;2017年及以后进入初级双寡头垄断阶段。（2）我国奶业初级双寡头垄断市场结构是来自市场竞争的自然形成,规模效应、行业壁垒和全球化趋势是寡头垄断市场形成的主因。结论 现阶段我国奶业市场已进入初级的寡头垄断阶段,寡头垄断市场有利有弊,我国应从制度上进行顶层设计,发挥寡头垄断模式的积极作用,减少其负面效应的影响,保障奶业持续健康发展。     

Technology choice and efficiency on Australian dairy farms*

Deregulation of the Australian dairy industry, specifically the removal of price subsidies to ‘market milk’, as well as ongoing drought in many dairy regions, has placed considerable pressure on farm cash income and a search for ways in which dairy farms can be made to operate more efficiently. Using traditional farm survey data and a unique biannual data set on farm technology use, this paper estimates a stochastic production frontier and technical efficiency model for dairy farms in New South Wales and Victoria, determining the relative importance of each input in dairy production, the effects of key technology variables on farm efficiency, and overall farm profiles based on the efficiency rankings of dairy producers. Results show that production exhibits constant returns to scale and although feed concentration and the number of cows milked at peak season matter, the key determinants of differences in dairy farm efficiency are the type of dairy shed used and the proportion of irrigated farm area. Overall farm profiles indicate that those in the ‘high efficiency group’ largely employ either rotary or swing‐over dairy shed technology and have almost three times the proportional amount of land under irrigation.     

The novelty of simple and known technologies and the rhythm of farmer-centred innovation in family dairy farming in Brazil

Family dairy farming is under threat from the expansion of the sugarcane economy in south-eastern Brazil. This paper analyses an intervention programme which aimed to intensify dairy production and make family dairy farming sustainable in this competitive context. The case study of the ‘Balde Cheio’ Programme (Full Bucket) can be seen as an alternative method of knowledge generation to that of the dominant research approach which prioritizes cutting-edge technologies. This paper characterizes this farmer-oriented innovation programme for dairy farming systems, in which research, development and extension are seen as a long-term learning process. It analyses how the programme has been adapted to fit the diversity of situations found amongst farmers and to heterogeneous production conditions. The study relates the circulation of knowledge, the search for innovation by recombining apparently simple and known technologies, the use of experiments on the farm and the adaptation of the rhythm of innovation to the specific situation of the farm as the critical issues to achieve sustainable production systems.     

微胶囊技术及其在乳品行业的应用研究进展

微胶囊技术因具有保护活性、减少损失、改善物质稳定性等优良性能而被广泛使用.近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,乳制品行业不断朝功能性方向发展,其中很大程度得益于微胶囊技术的推广应用.本文综述了常见的营养功能原料益生菌、油脂、维生素、矿物质及食品添加剂等微胶囊技术及其在乳制品中的应用研究,并对未来发展提出了展望.     

Profitability of incremental generic promotion of Australian dairy products

The motivation for this study rests on two factors. First, Australian dairy farmers spend around $20 million annually on generic promotion and estimates of the returns from this expenditure are required to facilitate efficient investment decisions. Second, while the Australian dairy industry has been highly regulated, there has been a substantial reduction in assistance over the past decade and farm‐gate milk prices were deregulated on 1 July 2000. The profit potential of promotion may vary with the degree of regulation, so past estimates of the returns from promotion may not hold in the competitive environment of the future. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of government intervention on the profitability for dairy farmers of incremental changes in generic dairy promotion expenditure using a perfectly competitive market as a reference point. Competitive market price and quantity outcomes for the Australian dairy industry are estimated. The impacts of increments in dairy product and competing product generic promotion expenditures on dairy farmers’ profits are assessed using equilibrium displacement modelling. Finally, graphical procedures are used to examine the effects of dairy industry regulation on the profitability of dairy promotion.     

基于三方演化博弈的中国乳制品集聚形成机制及对策研究

目的 随着国内乳制品产业的发展,乳业集聚格局特征日趋明显,不仅有助于提高产业内分工水平、产业竞争力,而且在培育本土品牌,解决市场失灵等方面发挥重要作用。方法 文章针对当前我国乳制品产业国际竞争力弱、市场信心疲软、质量安全余波未消、原料成本高—产品价格低的两难困境,通过构建演化博弈模型,分析奶农、奶站、乳制品企业选择集中规模化策略行为的演化博弈稳定策略,在此基础上,根据产业行为主体决策,分析乳制品产业集聚形成机制。结果 三方博弈主体的演化均衡策略的变化受各自支付矩阵影响,进而从微观个体的复制决策,在要素、资源禀赋等推动下,围绕利益相关主体,实现国内乳制品产业集聚的形成。结论 引导区域乳制品产业集聚、加强乳制品质量管控力度、提高行业管理与检测水平等有助于高效促进乳业集聚形成,培育国内乳业竞争力。     

我国奶牛养殖区域布局的变动与成因——基于全国省级面板数据的实证研究

[目的]奶牛养殖业是奶业产业的起始环节,研究奶牛养殖区域布局演变规律和成因,是进一步优化奶牛养殖布局,提高奶牛综合生产能力,进而推进实现我国奶业振兴的现实要求。[方法]文章基于1996—2016年我国省级面板数据,对奶牛养殖区域布局情况进行描述性统计分析,并运用区域重心分析法综合考察奶牛养殖区域布局重心变动的轨迹和特征,选取个体固定效应模型对奶牛养殖区域布局变动的影响因素进行实证分析。[结果]计量结果表明,奶牛存栏滞后一期、奶牛存栏滞后二期、玉米年产量、大豆年产量、乳企数量、技术进步、财政政策支持和禁牧政策是影响奶牛养殖布局变动的主要因素,且影响程度有所不同。[结论]提出把握奶牛养殖区域变动规律、加强奶牛养殖生态环境建设、合理规划玉米与大豆的种植区域、加快奶牛养殖技术创新、优化乳制品企业布局、增加财政补贴等政策建议。     

中国乳制品产业集聚溢出效应研究

[目的]乳业振兴战略实施以来,国内乳业从饲草布局、奶牛养殖、原料乳加工、市场格局等迎来大发展的利好时机。产业集聚是当前乳业发展的重要特征,研究乳制品产业集聚的溢出效应对分析区域经济增长与产业竞争力等具有重要的参考价值。[方法]文章利用1992-2017年中国省域乳制品产业相关面板数据,运用空间杜宾模型,研究中国乳制品产业集聚带来的经济增长、产业发展及乳制品安全等溢出效应及其作用机理。[结果]乳制品企业、奶站、奶农等利益相关主体的集聚增加了乳制品产业内各环节的关联性,显著增加区域经济的增长,提高乳制品产业竞争力,为乳制品产业发展提供内源性动力,最后在微观层面,各利益相关主体的集聚程度在一定程度上有助于改善乳制品质量安全水平。[结论]在此基础上,从打造乳制品产业集聚区、乳业振兴及质量安全管控等方面提出政策建议,进一步发挥产业集聚的辐射能力、提高产业核心竞争力。     

Supply and demand for commodity components: implications of free trade versus the AUSFTA for the US dairy industry*

During the negotiations on the Australia–US free trade agreement (AUSFTA), the US dairy industry vigorously opposed opening the US market to imports of Australian dairy products on the grounds that the US industry would be devastated. Subsequently, the agreement signed in February 2004 made an exception for dairy, providing for only limited quota expansion and no free trade, even at the end of the long implementation period. This paper presents a simulation model of world dairy markets, represented by supply and demand equations for fat and non‐fat components of milk and manufactured dairy products. We use the model to analyse the effects on US milk markets of both a hypothetical agreement, allowing free bilateral trade in dairy products, and the actual AUSFTA. An important contribution to the literature is the derivation of explicit supply and demand relationships for milk components. The components model allows an analysis of long‐term production, consumption, and trade patterns that is not tied to specific, fungible products. Simulations indicate that increased imports from Australia resulting from bilateral trade liberalisation would have resulted in small reductions in US milk prices and production. The much smaller increases in Australian access to the US market under the actual AUSFTA will have even smaller, almost negligible, impacts.