Estimating international technology spillovers using technology flow matrices

Estimating International Technology Spillovers Using Technology Flow Matrices. — This paper investigates the impact of international R &; D spillovers on sectoral growth patterns in OECD countries. It applies panel regression techniques to a time-series cross-section panel. It arrives at the conclusion that knowledge spillovers are an important contributor to economic growth. The estimation results are applied in the form of a ‘simulation’ of TFP growth per country, splitting (R &; D-related) TFP into a component due to domestic R &; D and one due to foreign R &; D. The results also show that the United States and Germany are the most influential countries in terms of contributions to other countries’ TFP growth.     

Rules of origin and technology spillovers from foreign direct investment under international duopoly

Using a simple three-country model of international duopoly, this study analyzes the optimal choice of rules of origin (ROO) in a free trade area/agreement (FTA) when firms from outside the FTA must undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) in FTA countries and conduct part of their production process within the FTA to comply with the ROO. FDI causes spillovers of the superior production technology from a non-FTA firm to its competitor within the FTA, depending on how much of the production process is shifted to the FTA area. In this situation, this study predicts that as the degree of multilateral trade liberalization before formation of the FTA is higher, the optimal ROO tends to be less stringent.     

Trade, technology spillovers, and food production in China

Trade, Technology Spillovers, and Food Production in China. — This paper studies technology spillovers between China and other countries, international trade in inputs being the prime carrier of knowledge in agricultural production. Human capital characteristics and structural characteristics of the agricultural production sys-tems determine the local usability of foreign knowledge for Chinese farmers. The authors utilize a multi-region applied general equilibrium model to analyze Chinese opportunities to benefit from foreign technology improvements in grain production. It is shown that possible negative welfare effects of unilateral trade liberalization of China against North American imports of agricultural inputs may be more than compensated by productivity gains if technology spillovers are included.     

Trade agreements and international technology transfer

Review of World Economics - This is the first paper that analyzes for a global sample of countries how trade agreements that include technology-related provisions impact exports of goods,...     

Correction to: Trade agreements and international technology transfer

Review of World Economics -     

Microeconomic mechanisms behind export spillovers from FDI: evidence from Bulgaria

This paper studies how the presence of multinational enterprises affects the export performance of Bulgarian manufacturing firms—export spillovers from FDI. Using export data at the firm/product/destination level for the period 2004–2006, it finds positive forward spillover on export value and quantity, related to quality upgrading. Conversely, it finds negative (or insignificant) backward and horizontal spillover on export flows, related to quality downgrading. When aggregating data at the firm level and considering that a firm can operate in several sectors, the paper shows that the presence of foreign input suppliers allows domestic firms to export additional varieties of lower quality and upgrade the average quality of existing varieties, whereas the presence of foreign customers generates the opposite effect.     

National and international spillovers from R&D: Comparing a neoclassical and an endogenous growth approach

National and International Spillovers from R&;D: Comparing a Neoclassical and an Endogenous Growth Approach.— Two models where productivity growth is caused by spillovers from R&;D are analyzed using a sample of nine manufacturing industries in six large OECD countries between 1979 and 1991. The first model is based on traditional productivity analysis, the second model on the endogenous growth theory. The empirical results indicate stronger support for the latter. The results suggest that spillovers from R&;D exist within industries, both nationally and internationally, confined to industries that are relatively R&;D-intensive. There is, however, little evidence of spillovers between industries. Finally, FDIs seem to facilitate the diffusion of R&;D results, but the authors do not find any effect on growth from R&;D embodied in intermediate products. JEL no. O32, O40     

Double-edged effects of the technology gap and technology spillovers: Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector

This paper proposes a new insight that the technology gap plays double-edged roles in the technology spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) through two channels, technology choice set and technology absorptive capability. Applying a multiple-threshold model, we examine the non-linear relationship between the technology gap and technology spillovers based on the provincial panel data of the Chinese industrial sector during 1993–2006. The empirical results support the hypothesis of two thresholds, which are 0.3071 and 0.5214 in terms of the technology gap respectively. The estimated thresholds indicate the sufficient absorptive capability is the premise for FDI technology spillovers. Moreover, it implies the marginal decrease of FDI technology spillover effects in the long run.     

Trade openness and air pollution: City-level empirical evidence from China

We seek to contribute to the debate over trade openness and the environment by taking specific account of the endogeneity of trade openness. We use exogenous geographic determinants of trade as instrumental variables as well as distance to Huai River for identification which is based on China's heating policy. Using air quality measure from NASA, we find that trade increases three measures of air pollution: SO₂, NO₂, and Aerosol concentration.     

Trade exposure and electoral protectionism: evidence from Japanese politician-level data

Review of World Economics - This study empirically examines the causal impact of economic shocks of trade on trade policy positions by candidates who run for national elections using...     

Factor proportions,technology and Dutch industry’s international trade patterns

Zusammenfassung Faktorproportionen, Technologie und Au\enhandelsstruktur der niederl?ndischen Industrie. — In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Versuch unternommen, die Struktur des Au\enhandels der verarbeitenden Industrie der Niederlande im Jahre 1973 zu erkl?ren, und zwar des Handels mit der Welt insgesamt und mit drei Gruppen von L?ndern (marktwirtschaftliche Industriel?nder, Entwicklungsl?nder, Staatshandelsl?nder). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da\ sowohl die Neo-Faktorproportionenhypothese als auch die Neo-Technologiehypothese nützliche Konzepte sind, um Bestimmungsfaktoren für die komparativen Vorteile der niederl?ndischen Industriesektoren herauszufinden. Die Neo-Faktorproportionenhypothese hat zu einer signifikanten Erkl?rung des Handels mit der Welt insgesamt, mit den marktwirtschaftlichen Industriel?ndern und den Entwicklungsl?ndern — aber nicht mit den Staatshandelsl?ndern — geführt. Die verfügbaren Daten haben es uns auch erm?glicht, die Relevanz der Neo-Technologiehypothese für den Handel mit der Welt und mit den Staatshandelsl?ndern — nicht jedoch mit den Industriel?ndern und den Entwicklungsl?ndern — zu best?tigen.

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Résumé Les proportions des facteurs, la technologie, et la structure du commerce extérieur de l’industrie des Pays-Bas. — Le sujet de cet article est un essai d’expliquer la structure du commerce extérieur de 1973 des industries manufacturières des Pays-Bas avec le monde entier et avec trois groupes des pays (économies de marché développées, économies en voie de développement, économies planifiées). Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la neo-hypothèse des proportions des facteurs et la neo-hypothèse de technologie sont en fait des concepts utiles en recherche des déterminants d’avantage comparatif des secteurs manufacturiers des Pays-Bas. La neo-hypothèse des proportions des facteurs a conduit à une explication significative pour le commerce extérieur avec le monde et avec les pays développés et développants, mais pas pour le commerce extérieur avec les économies planifiées. Les données disponibles ont permis de démontrer l’importance de la neo-hypothèse de technologie pour le commerce extérieur avec le monde et les économies planifiées, bien que pas pour le commerce extérieur avec les pays développés et développants.

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Resumen Proporciones de factores, tecnologia y los patrones de comercio international de la industria holandesa. — El tema de este artículo es un intento de explicar la estructura del comercio de las industrias manufactureras holandesas en el a?o 1973 con el mundo en su conjunto y con très grupos de países (economías de mercado desarrolladas, países en desarrollo y economias centralmente planificadas). Los resultados obtenidos confirman que tanto la neo-hip?tesis de proportión de factores como la neo-hipótesis tecnologia son efectivamente conceptos utiles en la búsqueda de determinantes de las ventajas comparativas de los sectores manufactureros holandeses. La neo-hipótesis proportión de factores ha llevado a explicaciones significativas del comercio con el mundo, y con los países desarrollados y en desarrollo, pero no del comercio con las economías centralmente planificadas. Los datos a la mano también nos han capacitado para establecer la relevancia de la neo-hipótesis tecnologia para el comercio con el mundo y las economías centralmente planificadas, pero no para el comercio con los países desarrollados y en desarrollo.

     

Trade and international factor mobility

Conclusion The comparative statics of the 3 × 2 mobile factor model prove intuitively robust. Major results from the 2 × 2 trade model carry over for the immobile factors into the expanded model. The internationally mobile factor exhibits general equilibrium diminishing marginal returns, while its endogenously determined level of employment responds in an intuitive fashion. Changes in the mobile factor's payment have economically meaningful effects. This model, with its internationally mobile factor, proves a useful extension of the model of a small, open economy.     

Risk and seasonal effects: international evidence

Various explanations have been advanced for the January effect in the existing literature, but no consensus has been arrived at to distinguish one particular explanation from any others. In this paper, a time-series GARCH-M model with conditional variance as a proxy for market systematic risk is applied to investigate the seasonal effects in four countries with different tax system and tax year end: the USA, the UK, China and Australia. Empirical evidence showed a January effect in the USA, a January and an April effect in the UK, a July effect in Australia and no significant seasonal effect in China. This pattern consistently links to tax year end and the tax system in the sample countries; however, no clear evidence has been found to support the proposition that market risk is higher or priced highly only in calendar months with a seasonal effect. However, to reflect the seasonal effect, an interactive dummy variable is added into the time-series GARCH-M model, and the seasonal effects are explained away. The results of the sampled countries support the proposition that market volatility increases when it is close to the date of financial statement performance due to the uncertainty of the financial information.     

Trade restrictions and international companies

Abstract

The development of international trade is making it increasingly necessary to have complete information about legislation relating to practices which restrain competition or which are liable to create positions of market dominance. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (O.E.C.D.) is studying the problems arising from restrictive business practices, and has made a Guide available for businessmen, government officials, lawyers and research workers which will enable them to keep abreast of European and North American laws governing restrictive business practices and their application. The first edition of the Guide was published in 1960. Since 1962 the second edition, which gives an outline of the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices law in a series of countries, has been running on a continuing basis, with regular supplements.     

Trade policy substitution: theory and evidence

Review of World Economics - With the help of a political economy model, we show that the extent of ‘trade policy substitution’—namely, substitution of tariffs with non-tariff...     

Factor proportions,technology and West German industry’s international trade patterns

Zusammenfassung Faktorproportionen, Technologie und internationale Arbeitsteilung: Der Fall der westdeutschen Industrie. — In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird die neo-Faktorproportionen-Hypothese und der neo-technologische Ansatz zur Erkl?rung der internationalen Arbeitsteilung in vergleichbarer Weise auf die Struktur der Wettbewerbsf?higkeit der westdeutschen Industrie und deren Ver?nderung angewendet, um die Arbeitsteilung der Bundesrepublik im Handel mit der Welt insgesamt und im Handel mit den gro\en weltwirtschaftlichen Regionen zu erkl?ren. Neben Humankapital, Sachkapital und Forschungs- und Entwicklungsintensit?t werden Rohstoffintensit?t, Skalenertr?ge und effektive Protektionsraten als Determinanten berücksichtigt. Es wird ein Testverfahren entwickelt und angewendet, um zwischen den Hypothesen zu diskriminieren. Die Analyse zeigt, da\ die genannten Handelstheorien die interindustrielle Arbeitsteilung der Bundesrepublik recht gut zu erkl?ren verm?gen, und zwar sowohl im Handel mit der Welt als auch im Handel mit den einzelnen Regionen. Es ergibt sich, da\ die westdeutsche Wirtschaft neben der Erzeugung von rohstoff- und arbeitsintensiven Gütern tendenziell komparative Nachteile auch in der Erzeugung von standardisierten (sachkapitalintensiven) Produkten aufweist und da\ die Nachteile in diesen Produktionen im Zeitablauf zugenommen haben. Schlie\lich zeigen sich signifikante Unterschiede im Erkl?rungsgehalt der Hypothesen: Die Arbeitsteilung mit anderen Marktwirtschaften scheint tendenziell eher durch Faktoren, die dem neo-Faktorproportionen-Ansatz zugrunde liegen, die Arbeitsteilung mit Staatshandelsl?ndern eher durch technologische Faktoren bestimmt.

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Resumen Proporción de factores, tecnologla y división internacional del trabajo: el caso de la industria de Alemania Occidental. — En el présente análisis se utilizan la hipótesis neo-proporcionista de factores y el enfoque neo-tecnológico, los que explican la división internacional del trabajo en forma comparativa para la estructura de la capacidad competitiva de la industria alemana occidental y su variación, para explicar la división del trabajo de la República Federal en el comercio con el raundo en su conjunto y el comercio con las grandes regiones económicas. Junto con el capital humano, capital fijo e intensidad de investigación y desarrollo se toman en cuenta como determinantes la intensidad en materias primas, economías de escala y tasas efectivas de protección. Se desarrolla y se utiliza un test para discriminar entre las hipótesis. E1 análisis muestra, que las teorfas recién nombradas explican bastante bien la división del trabajo interindustrial de la República Federal, tanto para el comercio con el mundo como también con las regiones individuates. Resulta que la economía alemana occidental encuentra no solo desventajas comparativas en la productión de productos intensivos en materias primas y mano de obra, sino que tendencialmente también en la producción de productos estandarizados (intensivos en capital fijo) y que las desventajas en estas producciones han aumentado a traves del tiempo. Finalmente se muestran diferencias significativas en la capacidad de explicatión de las hipótesis: la división del trabajo con otras economías de mercado parece coincidir más bien con factores que subyacen al enfoque neo-proporcionista de factores, la división del trabajo con países de economía dirigida más bien con factores tecnológicos.

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Résumé Les proportions des facteurs, la technologie et la division internationale de travail: le cas de l’industrie ouest-allemande. — Dans l’analyse présente nous appliquons la néo-hypothèse des proportions des facteurs et l’approche néo-technologique d’une manière comparable à la structure de la compétitivité de l’industrie ouest-allemande et de son change, pour expliquer la division de travail de la R.F.A. en commerce avec le monde entier et en commerce avec les grandes régions de l’économie mondiale. Nous considérons l’intensité aux matières premières, les rendements d’échelles et les taux de la protection effective comme déterminants en dehors du capital humain, du capital de matériel et de l’intensité de recherche et de développement. Nous développons et appliquons une méthode de test pour discriminer entre les hypothèses. L’analyse démontre que les théorèmes de commerce dénommés peuvent expliquer la division de travail interindustrielle de l’Allemagne de l'Ouest assez bien, et voici en commerce avec le monde aussi bien qu’en commerce avec les régions particulières. On peut voir qu’à la tendance l’économie ouest-allemande a aussi des désavantages comparatifs dans la production des produits standardisés (intensifs aux capital de matériel) en dehors de la production des produits intensifs aux matières premières et à la main -d’oeuvre, et que les désavantages dans ces productions ont augmenté en cours de temps. Finalement on peut démontrer des differences significatives concernant la substance explicative des hypothèses: La division de travail avec des autres économies du marché semble être déterminée à la tendance plus par des facteurs que basent sur la néo-approche de la proportion des facteurs, pendant que la division de travail avec les pays de commerce d’état semble être déterminée plus par des facteurs technologiques.

     

Trade protection and market power: evidence from US antidumping and countervailing duties

Contingent protection measures were originally intended to protect domestic producers from what were considered to be “unfairly” cheap imports. However, due to the way in which these policies are designed and implemented, they have been heavily criticised for their greatly disruptive effects on markets, and particularly on competition. The analysis presented in this paper contributes to the debate by studying the impact of US antidumping (AD) and countervailing (CV) duties on domestic producers’ price-cost margins (PCM). To this end, the study takes advantage of a long panel of 4-digit industries in the United States covering 26 years of AD/CV activity, including the periods before and after the changes to AD/CV laws introduced following the Uruguay Round (UR). It finds evidence of a positive effect of AD/CV duties on PCM for the period prior to the UR, but the effect seems to disappear in the years following the UR. The analysis accounts for potential endogeneity in AD/CV duties, as well as the intensity of the protection granted.