美国纳米计划管理预算及发展战略

布什政府把国家纳米计划（NNI）指定为多联邦机构参与研发的计划，旨在通过各机构间的经费、研发以及基础设施等方面的协调，使联邦政府对纳米的研发投入回报最大化。自布什2001年进驻白宫以来，美国联邦政府给国家纳米计划的投入从2001财年的4．534G美元增至2008财年11．674G美元（以2001年美元值计算），增长了158％。     

Baland,J.-M., Bourguignon,F., Platteau,J.-P. and T. Verdier,The Handbook of Economic Development and Institutions

Journal of Economics -     

Gender Development, Institutions, and Level of Economic Development

Gender inequality and the lack of gender development are major problems in developing countries. Neoclassical economics has generally argued that economic development will greatly enhance gender development. However, more recent work has emphasized the role of institutions. In this paper, a distinction is made between malleable institutions and those that change only over long periods of time. Empirical estimations of the impacts of economic development, malleable institutions, and hard-to-change institutions on gender development are carried out. The results indicate that both economic development and reform of malleable institutions are important determinants of relative gender performance. However, non-malleable institutions and cultural practices limit the impact that reform and economic development can have on relative gender performance.     

Linkages, Thresholds, and Development

Growth is rarehistorically, with short expansions interspersed with long periodsof stasis. We examine how well this can be explained by a generalclass of Schumpeterian growth models that treat development asa progress through a space of commodities, from simple to morecomplex goods. This process of sequential innovation in a partiallyordered network of commodities is called linkage formation. The central result of this article is thatSchumpeterian growth models exhibit generic threshold behavior.Below a critical probability of linkage formation, developmentgradually ceases. Above the critical probability, innovationcontinues with probability one.     

金融发展、企业主营业务与企业发展质量提升

中国经济由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段,加大金融对实体经济的支持力度对实现经济结构转型升级意义重大.基于这一背景,以2008-2018年中国A股上市公司为样本,从企业主营业务能力视角,审视金融发展对企业发展质量的影响机制.研究发现:金融发展整体上促进了企业发展质量提升,但这一效应具有异质性.企业主营业务能力作为中介渠道发挥遮掩效应,即企业主营业务能力提高能够促进企业发展质量提升,但金融发展抑制了企业主营业务能力从而遮掩了其正面效应.这与金融发展背景下企业金融资产配置对主营业务产生的负面影响有关.由此提出应当逐步优化金融结构并促进资本市场健康发展,从而减少信息不对称和资本错配,使金融发展真正服务于实体经济.     

市场环境、社会发展和经济发展

进行现代经济学分析框架中的首要部分,就是对所要研究问题或对象所处的经济环境做出界定,可见,环境因素在理论研究过程中的重要.基于这样的研究动机,本文将考察市场环境这一重要因素对经济、社会发展的影响,建立以市场规模和开放程度为中介变量的中介传导模型,从理论和实证两个方面来分析市场环境、社会发展和经济发展三者之间的关系.期待能对现有的理论做有益的补充,对实际的经济发展和社会发展的政策制定提供参考.     

Sustainability,Optimality, and Development Policy

Considering sustainability a matter of intergenerational welfare equity, this paper examines whether an optimal development path can also be sustainable. It argues that the general “zero‐net‐aggregate‐investment” condition for an optimal development path to be sustainable in the sense of the maximin criterion of intergenerational justice is too demanding to be practical, especially in the context of developing countries. It further argues that while the maximin criterion of sustainability may be appealing to the rich advanced industrial countries, for the poor developing countries it implies equalization of poverty across generations, and as such is too costly a moral obligation to be acceptable. The paper suggests that a compromise development policy that follows the optimal growth approach but adopts certain measures to mitigate both the intergenerational and intragenerational welfare inequalities may be more appropriate for these countries. Some of the principal elements of such a policy are highlighted.     

Development, democracy, and mass killings

Using a newly assembled dataset spanning from 1820 to 1998, we study the relationship between the occurrence and magnitude of episodes of mass killing and the levels of development and democracy across countries and over time. Mass killings appear to be more likely at intermediate levels of income and less likely at very high levels of democracy. However, the estimated relationship between democracy and probability of mass killings is not linear in the full sample. In the XXth century, discrete improvements in democracy are systematically associated with episodes involving fewer victims.When human lives are endangered, when human dignity is in jeopardy, national borders and sensitivities become irrelevant. Whenever men or women are persecuted because of their race, religion, or political views, that place must—at that moment—become the center of the universe. – Elie Wiesel– Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 1986.     

美元霸权、金融发展差异与货币体系错配下中美经济失衡及调整

中美经济失衡是美国长期坚持美元霸权战略的产物,也是中美两国金融发展差异的自然反应,同时还是国际生产中心向中国转移过程中,凸显的国际生产中心和国际货币体系错配后,加深了中美经济失衡对中国经济影响程度的结果。该文认为:中国应采取必要的对策进行调整,如,深化国内金融市场改革、推进制造业中心与人民币国际化同步进行、坚持资本输出与产品输出并重发展战略、改革人民币汇率形成制度、逐步开放资本项目等。     

Information, the Dual Economy, and Development

We examine the interactions between different institutional arrangements in a general equilibrium model of a modernizing economy. There is a modern sector, where productivity is high but information asymmetries are large, and a traditional sector where productivity is low but information asymmetries are small. Consequently, agency costs in the modern sector make consumption lending difficult, while such lending is readily done in the traditional sector. The resulting trade-off between credit availability and productivity implies that not everyone will move to the modern sector. In fact, the laissez-faire level of modernization may fail to maximize net social surplus.
This situation may also hold in the long run: in a dynamic version of the model, a "trickle-down" effect links the process of modernization with reduction in modern sector agency costs. This effect may be too weak and the economy may get stuck in a trap and never fully modernize. The two-sector structure also yields a natural theoretical testing ground for the Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis: we show that even within the "sectoral shifting" class of models, this phenomenon is not robust to small changes in model specification.     

Property Rights,Governance, and Economic Development

In this review article we give an intuitive account of why good institutions in general, and secure property rights in particular, matter for economic growth and development. We also discuss implications for good governance, defined as the efficient provision of property rights and other aspects of governance. Finally, we briefly touch on political institutions that might be conducive to good governance and thus economic development.     

International Trade, Technological Development, and Agglomeration

The paper focuses on how localized dynamic external economies of scale may cause uneven technological development internationally, and encourage regional agglomeration of industries. Location-specific technological progress depends on the absolute number of local innovating firms, and the relative number of innovating firms; i.e., the share of economic activity in a region that takes place within the innovating sector. The creation of industrial clusters contributes to explaining regional specialization, factor prices and welfare, and it appears that the critical size of a region regarding its ability to sustain an industrial cluster depends on whether factors of production are internationally mobile.     

挑战·机遇·出路——我国低碳经济的发展之路

低碳经济作为一种新的发展模式,影响着世界各国的经济社会发展进程.我国是最大的发展中国家,在发展低碳经济的进程中,存在包括发展阶段、资源禀赋、产业结构、技术条件等诸多方面的压力与挑战,同时也存在减排空间大、减排成本低、技术合作潜力大的优势.因此,我们要从全局的角度出发,建立低碳经济的政府主导机制、技术支撑机制、制度创新机制、生产消费机制和国际合作机制,从而走出一条中国特色的低碳经济发展道路.     

企业增长、企业发展与企业可持续发展

企业增长、企业发展与企业可持续发展是三种不同的企业成长范式,也是文献中经常提到的三个概念,但是经济学和管理学并没有对它们进行系统的比较分析,以至于它们在各种文献中用得非常混乱.对这些概念的错误理解会导致对三种成长范式的错误选择,进而导致偏离预期的企业经营管理结果.本文界定了企业增长、企业发展与企业可持续发展的内涵,较系统地比较分析了三种成长范式的联系与区别,论述了企业可持续发展成为现代企业管理学研究主题的原因.