基于“贡献—风险”的农地征收转用土地增值收益 分配研究 ——以内蒙古和林格尔县为例

研究目的:基于农地征收转用过程中土地增值收益的形成机理以及土地增值收益分配过程中参与主体的贡献及风险,探寻土地增值收益的合理分配比例。研究方法:德尔菲法、"贡献—风险"分析法。研究结果:投资增值、用途转变增值、供求增值和政策性增值对土地总增值的贡献比例分别为17%、51%、16%和16%;农民、集体、地方政府和中央政府对土地总增值的贡献比例为12%、22%、50%和16%;按照"贡献—风险"土地增值收益分配方法确定各参与主体的收益分配比例为农民、集体、地方政府、中央政府31%∶16%∶32%∶21%。研究结论:土地增值收益的形成主要是因投资、用途转换、供求关系变化以及政策因素共同作用的结果,而参与主体通过对增值因素产生作用对增值收益的形成做出相应的贡献,同时承担相应风险。"贡献—风险"分析法充分考虑了各方利益主体对土地增值收益的贡献及其承担的风险,体现了按贡献分配、按风险调节的分配思路,同时兼顾了国家、集体和农民个人利益,方法基本可行。     

政策网络、行动者互动与土地增减挂钩收益分配——以福建省尤溪县为例

本文应用政策网络分析方法,以福建省尤溪县为例,从政策执行过程角度探讨土地增减挂钩收益分配关系形成的内在逻辑。研究表明:(1)新增耕地指标省域内市场化交易机制为形成健全的增减挂钩政策执行网络提供了关键的经济激励;挂钩指标收益分配包括县-乡之间的初次分配以及乡-村之间的二次分配两个阶段。(2)在政府主导型模式下,占据网络中心位置的县级政府在与上级国土部门的互动中取得指标收益分配的决策主导权,根据政策环境灵活调整指标收益在县-乡之间的分成比例;处于网络边缘位置的村集体(和农民)在权力不对等的乡镇-村庄互动中仅获得固定标准的拆旧补偿,难以实现对土地收益的按比例共享。(3)总之,土地增减挂钩收益分配关系内生决定于政策网络运行过程之中,是多维多面的结构关系约束之下政策执行主体之间多重互动的产物。     

完善农村土地增值收益分配机制的路径

当前农村土地增值收益分配不公,其主要原因包括土地征收补偿标准过低、利益主体分配比例不合理、对失地农民的安置方式不合理、土地增值收益分配监督缺失等。基于此,建议遵循公平、效率、按贡献分配等原则,分别从提高农村土地征收补偿标准、确保农民共享增值收益、加强土地增值收益分配的监督、建立城乡统一的建设用地市场、构建政府行为激励和约束机制等方面来不断完善农村土地增值收益分配机制,促使土地增值收益的合理分配。     

改革土地收益分配机制

邹家华副总理最近提出,要改革现行土地收益分配办法,强化保护耕地的经济制约机制。邹家华副总理说,现行的土地收益分配办法,是对占用耕地和利用原有建设用地的土地收益不加区分,全部留在地方基层政府即市、县和乡镇,基层政府可以通过低价征用耕地后用高价出让获取巨大效益。这种“多卖地,多得益”的土地收益分配机制是近年来耕地大量减少的经济诱因,甚至影响社会稳定,有的还滋生腐败。中央决定今后农地转为非农建设用地的土地收益全部上缴中央,原则上用于耕地开发。原载《江苏农村经济》改革土地收益分配机制     

耕地非农化风险及增值收益分配机制研究——以哈尔滨市为例

研究目的:探寻合理分配耕地非农化增值收益的方法,从耕地非农化风险角度构建增值收益分配机制。研究方法:联盟利益分配机制,模糊综合评价法。研究结果:在耕地非农化中,各权利主体所担风险从高到低依次为农民、中央政府、地方政府、村集体;假设各权利主体参与征地行为是一种投资行为,各权利主体耕地非农化增值收益分配比例为中央政府占26%,地方政府占22%,村集体占17%,农民占35%;运用"联盟利益分配机制"测算耕地非农化各权利主体之间的增值收益分配比例是可行的。研究结论:以缩小征地范围、尊重农民意愿为条件制定征地补偿标准不仅体现补偿公平原则,也符合通过市场机制对农民进行补偿的改革方向。     

土地非农化过程中的收益分配及其合理性评价——以河北省涿州市为例

研究目的：研究土地非农化过程中的增值收益分配,对其分配合理性进行评价。研究方法：案例分析。研究结果：在土地非农化收益分配中,农民集体及个人所得收益的比例最小,而土地使用者及地方政府分配比例最大。研究结论：当前的城市化进程是由低成本的土地非农化推动的,而这种低成本是以农民集体及个人利益受损为代价的。     

土地管理困境：委托—代理的视角

本文运用控制权理论,构建了一个“委托方—监督方—代理方”三层次的理论框架,对我国土地管理困境的原因进行了分析。研究结果发现,尽管中央政府通过控制权分配,建立激励约束机制,规范地方政府的用地行为,以期达到保护耕地的目标,但在实践中,地方政府通过各种变通、合谋等隐蔽形式敷衍、软化土地管理的各项规定,使保护耕地的“刚性”约束变为“软约束”,最终陷入土地管理困境。本文引申出的重要启示,中央政府建立的激励约束机制在现实中具有一定的局限性,无法完全改变地方政府的以地谋利行为,应该赋予农村集体更多土地财产权利,从根本上降低地方政府以地谋利、以地生财的空间,进而化解土地管理困境。     

粮食安全视角下地方政府征地行为博弈分析

粮食安全战略最终只是国家层次的目标,中央政府与地方政府发展战略目标的不一致导致粮食安全行动策略的差异,地方政府受经济利益驱动的影响,往往在征地行为中未顾及到粮食安全计划,本文从经济发展与粮食安全的角度构建地方政府间利益博弈模型,分析地方政府征地策略选择概率的限制因素,提出地方政府策略选择区间受机会成本条件约束和替代弹性约束的限制。对地方政府征地行为的分析,有助于促进土地政策的制定与实施,加强对地方政府征地行为的监管与约束,协调现阶段经济发展与农地保护和粮食安全的矛盾。     

地方政府土地违法的博弈论解释

在构建地方政府与中央政府间博弈模型、地方政府与农民间博弈模型的基础上,解释了当前地方政府土地违法的原因,研究表明:地方政府可以从土地违法行为中获得巨大收益,农民没有能力阻止地方政府的土地违法行为,中央政府主要根据国民经济形势来确定对地方政府土地违法行为的查处力度是当前地方政府土地违法的主要原因.     

流域合作治污与环保宣传动态协调策略

为提高流域环境治理效果并完善跨行政区流域环境管理机制,采用多主体微分博弈方法,以投入污染治理成本的上游地方政府和进行环保宣传的下游地方政府组成的流域系统为研究对象,研究上、下游地方政府治污减排与环保宣传的合作问题。结果表明:中央政府的补贴政策和地方政府间的生态补偿政策可以有效提升流域环境治理,但提升效果受到地方政府的边际收益等多重因素的影响;科学合理的分配契约可使补偿方与受偿方利益平衡,有利于提高各利益主体进行合作环境治理的积极性;中央政府可以根据不同的博弈策略和收益分配协议,制定差异化的补贴方案,以更好地提升流域环境治理效果。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.