新兴市场电子交易平台对货币政策操作的支持

在俄罗斯等新兴转轨国家,金融交易平台在发挥组织市场交易,实现资源配置、价格发现、风险管理等职能的同时,还承担着辅助货币政策操作与传导等宏观金融管理功能,成为金融改革的见证者和推动者。文章从新兴市场上金融电子交易平台与货币当局的历史和现实联系出发,考察电子交易平台支持货币政策操作的宏观功能。     

2011年宏观经济形势和政策前瞻

2011年,世界经济复苏进程依然艰难,且新兴市场和发达国家增长不平衡的局面将继续存在。国内经济增速将有所放缓,但仍将保持在较高水平,GDP增速将呈前低后高走势。通货膨胀压力仍然较大,预计全年CPI涨幅在4 5%左右,其中受翘尾因素影响,CPI月度涨幅高点可能出现在一季度。宏观政策方面,预计货币政策将继续稳中偏紧,信贷规模控制仍将是主要手段。     

货币政策与政府债务管理的关系：理论与实践新进展

近年来，许多国家的政府债务管理目标明确为在控制风险的前提下，使政府融资需求和中长期利息支付维持在尽可能低的水平。政府债务管理者优化债务期限结构的行为可能与中央银行货币政策目标方向并不一致，从而既影响货币政策的效果，也可能会阻碍政府债务管理目标的实现。文章对近年来政府债务管理与货币政策关系的表现及相关理论成果进行初步梳理和总结，并对优化政府债务管理的方法和前景进行思考和展望。     

The impact of conventional and unconventional monetary policy on investor sentiment

This paper examines the relationship between monetary policy and investor sentiment across conventional and unconventional monetary policy regimes. During conventional times, we find that a surprise decrease in the fed funds rate leads to a large increase in investor sentiment. Similarly, when the fed funds rate is at its zero lower bound, research results indicate that expansionary unconventional monetary policy shocks also have a large and positive impact on investor mood. Together, our findings highlight the importance of both conventional and unconventional monetary policy in the determination of investor sentiment.     

Monetary policy and financial stability in a banking economy: Transmission mechanism and policy tradeoffs

The 2008 global financial crisis demonstrated that monetary policy and financial stability policy are more highly interrelated than previously thought. This paper analyzes the interactions between these policies using a non-linear overlapping-generations model with financial frictions in the form of banking financial intermediation. The paper embeds negative externalities due to contagion effects in physical investments which creates the need for financial stability policy. We show how the monetary policy transmission mechanism depends on financial stability policy tools as well as on regulatory and institutional constraints.We find policy tradeoffs in trying to accomplish both monetary and financial stability targets. The central bank must take these tradeoffs into account when selecting the tools in its policy toolbox. Another important finding is the interchangeability of price stability and financial stability policy tools.     

各国央行非常规货币政策综述

美国次贷危机爆发以来,全球金融系统和实体经济遭遇了严重冲击,为了有效缓解负面冲击,各国央行纷纷推出各种宽松性货币政策,但在实际应用中,传统货币政策不能有效克制危机,美联储等央行纷纷求助于量化宽松等新型非常规货币政策。目前来看,非常规货币政策产生了积极影响,美国等经济体实现了就业的改善、金融系统的稳定和经济增长的复苏。为全面了解货币政策,本文系统归纳了美联储等央行采取的各类非常规货币政策,探讨了非常规货币政策的实施途径及效能得失,并总结了美联储采取非常规货币政策的主要经验。     

关于货币政策在经济调整中的作用和面临的风险

该文通过分析重温了货币主义的主要观点,对于货币政策在本轮危机中扮演的角色以及过于灵活的相机抉择式的微调模式提出质疑;并回到货币主义的立场,以货币数量轮的视角来评判当前美国货币政策操作。文章认为货币政策不应过多关注资本市场,保持货币和基准利率相对平稳对于宏观经济运行至关重要。     

2012年二季度美国经济金融运行情况与经济、政策前瞻

文章回顾了2012年第二季度美国经济金融运行情况,其主要特点有：受消费支出增长、制造业增速、进出口增速放缓等因素影响,美国经济复苏势头减弱,失业率小幅回升。当前困扰美国经济金融运行的主要问题来自失业率居高难下、房地产复苏仍不稳定、财政整顿进展缓慢与金融监管改革有待深入推进等方面。综合看,未来美国经济复苏前景仍不容乐观,其现有宽松货币政策仍将继续维持,但近期内出台更大规模宽松政策的可能性不大。     

Spillovers of U.S. unconventional monetary policy to emerging markets: The role of capital flows

We employ a structural global VAR model to analyze whether U.S. unconventional monetary policy shocks, identified through changes in the central bank’s balance sheet, have an impact on financial and economic conditions in emerging market economies (EMEs). Moreover, we study whether international capital flows are an important channel of shock transmission. We find that an expansionary policy shock significantly increases portfolio flows from the U.S. to EMEs for almost two quarters, accompanied by a persistent movement in real and financial variables in recipient countries. Moreover, EMEs on average respond to the shock with an easing of their own monetary policy stance. The findings appear to be independent of heterogeneous country characteristics like the underlying exchange rate arrangement, the quality of institutions, or the degree of financial openness.     

Model-free jump measures and interest rates: common patterns in US and UK monetary policy around major economic events

We employ model-free jump measures to study monetary policy operations in the UK and USA around major economic events by exploiting the relationship between jumps, interest rates, and macroeconomic news releases related to monetary policy. In our analysis, we explicitly account for the timing of jumps in UK and US interest rates and the correlation across jumps in the same two interest rates and whether these match Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)/Monetary Policy Committee news releases. We find that FOMC news releases lag jumps in US interest rates, but lead jumps in UK Gilt rates. Overall, our analysis suggests that US Treasury Bills react to information in the aforementioned news releases before their announcement while UK Gilt yields react after them and that the Fed and Bank of England react similarly around major economic events.     

2012年主要经济体经济形势和货币政策走势分析

该文分析展望了2012年主要经济体经济形势和货币政策走势,指出主要发达国家将继续实施“超紧”财政政策与“极松”货币政策组合;美国经济复苏进程加快,其货币政策将维持宽松;欧央行可能于上半年再度降息;英国经济不会陷人二次衰退,其量化宽松政策将止步于QE3;国际资本流动将呈回升趋势;外汇市场延续“美元震荡走高、欧元小幅走弱”格局。     

Determinants of global spillovers from US monetary policy

This paper assesses the global spillovers from identified US monetary policy shocks in a global VAR model. US monetary policy generates sizable output spillovers to the rest of the world, which are larger than the domestic effects in the US for many economies. The magnitude of spillovers depends on the receiving country's trade and financial integration, de jure financial openness, exchange rate regime, financial market development, labour market rigidities, industry structure, and participation in global value chains. The role of these country characteristics for the spillovers often differs across advanced and non-advanced economies and also involves non-linearities. Furthermore, economies that experience larger spillovers from conventional US monetary policy also displayed larger downward revisions of their growth forecasts in spring 2013 when the Federal Reserve upset markets by discussing tapering off quantitative easing. The results of this paper suggest that policymakers could mitigate their economies' vulnerability to US monetary policy by fostering trade integration as well as domestic financial market development, increasing the flexibility of exchange rates, and reducing frictions in labour markets. Other policies – such as inhibiting financial integration, industrialisation and participation in global value chains – might mitigate spillovers from US monetary policy, but are likely to reduce long-run growth.     

Monetary policy for emerging market economies: beyond inflation targeting

Monetary policymakers normally seek to achieve multiple objectives: for prices as well as real economic activity, sometimes for the composition of real activity as well as the aggregate, and often for aspects of the economy's international balance. The fact that monetary policy has only one basic instrument to use therefore creates both complexity and tensions among these objectives. Although inflation targeting represents a way of imposing a logical consistency on monetary policy, in the presence of multiple policy objectives inflation targeting undermines policy transparency and therefore makes accountability more difficult too. Because of the limitation of monetary policy's having only one instrument, but multiple objectives, fiscal policy and prudential supervision and regulation of financial institutions are also important for enabling emerging market economies to achieve their macroeconomic aims.     

Does easing monetary policy increase financial instability?

This paper develops a model featuring both a macroeconomic and a financial friction that speaks to the interaction between monetary and macro-prudential policy and to the role of US monetary and regulatory policy in the run up to the Subprime mortgage crisis. There are two main results. First, interest rate rigidities in a monopolistic banking system increase the probability of a financial crisis (relative to the case of flexible interest rate) in response to contractionary shocks to the economy, while they act as automatic macro-prudential stabilizers in response to expansionary shocks. Second, when the interest rate is the only available instrument, monetary policy faces a trade-off between macroeconomic and financial stability. This trade off is both qualitative and quantitative in response to contractionary shocks, while it is only quantitative in response to positive shocks. We show that a second instrument, such as a Pigouvian tax on credit to households on the demand side of the market, is needed to restore efficiency in the economy when both frictions are at work.     

Risk management,nonlinearity and aggressiveness in monetary policy: The case of the US Fed

We contribute to the empirical literature on the risk-management approach to monetary policy by estimating regime switching models where the strength of the response of monetary policy to macroeconomic conditions depends on the level of risk associated with the inflation outlook and risk in financial markets. Using quarterly data for the Greenspan period we find that: (i) risk in the inflation outlook and in financial markets are a more powerful driver of monetary policy regime changes than variables typically suggested in the literature, such as the level of inflation and the output gap; (ii) estimation of regime switching models shows that the response of the US Fed to the inflation outlook is invariant across policy regimes; (iii) however, in periods of high economic risk monetary policy tends to respond more aggressively to the output gap and the degree of inertia tends to be lower than in normal circumstances; and (iv) the US Fed is estimated to have responded aggressively to the output gap in the late 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, and in the late 1990s and early 2000s. These results are consistent with Mishkin (2008)’s view that in periods of high economic risk monetary authorities should respond aggressively to changes in macroeconomic conditions while the degree of inertia should be lower than in normal circumstances.     

Monetary transmission during low interest rate environment in a dual banking system: evidence from Malaysia

This study aims to determine the role of bank loans in the transmission of monetary policy in an environment of low interest rate in the context of a dual banking system in Malaysia. By adopting a balanced panel data approach applied on data covering the period from 2000 to 2011, the study finds that changes in the monetary policy have no significant impact on the level of financing extended by the Islamic and conventional banks. However, bank-specific factors, namely size and liquidity play an important role in influencing the lending behaviour of both the Islamic and conventional banks, whereas capitalization is relevant only for the Islamic banks. Findings of the study provide important input for effective monetary policy implementation in countries with increasing presence of the Islamic banks.     

Capital inflows,monetary policy,and financial imbalances

Ahead of the global financial crisis, financial imbalances built up across advanced economies as credit grew and was increasingly funded in wholesale financial markets. This paper investigates empirically three potential drivers of the build-up of these financial imbalances: rising global imbalances (capital flows); loose monetary policy; and inadequate supervision and regulation. We perform panel data regressions for OECD countries from 1999 to 2007 to explore the relative importance of these factors. We find that differences in the build-up of wholesale-funded credit were driven by the strength of capital inflows. Moreover, we document an interaction effect, whereby the effect of inflows on the build-up was amplified where the supervisory and regulatory environment was relatively weak. In contrast, differences in monetary policy did not significantly affect differences across countries in the build-up of these financial imbalances ahead of the crisis.     

The Impact of Foreign Banks on Monetary Policy Transmission During the Global Financial Crisis of 2008–2009: Evidence from Korea

This article examines the impact of foreign banks on the monetary policy transmission mechanism in the Korean economy during the period from 2000 to 2012, with a specific focus on the lending behavior of banks with different types of ownership. Using bank-level panel data of the banking system in Korea, we present consistent evidence on the buffering impact that the foreign banks, especially foreign bank branches including US bank branches, on the effectiveness of the monetary policy transmission mechanism in Korea from the bank-lending channel perspective during the global financial crisis of 2008–2009.     

货币政策与汇率政策有效协调机制——基于金融周期视角的研究

基于马尔科夫区制转移模型,在刻画全球金融周期特征的基础上,构建包含调节效应的面板模型,对货币政策与汇率政策有效协调机制进行实证分析。结果表明：全球金融周期处于高波动率区制,即市场风险厌恶水平较高时,资本流动水平较低,浮动汇率政策能够有效缓解资本流动对货币政策独立性的影响;反之,浮动汇率政策调节效果减弱。因此在推进金融开放与人民币汇率市场化改革的进程中,要充分关注全球金融周期波动状况。     

Measuring monetary policy and its impact on the bond market of an emerging economy

In view of multiple instruments used by many central banks in emerging market economies (EMEs), we derive a composite measure of monetary policy for India and assess its impact on the yield curve. Our results show that while monetary policy has the dominant impact among macroeconomic variables on the entire term structure, it is particularly strong at the shorter end and on credit spreads. Shifts in the level of the government yield curve and credit spreads also lead to changes in monetary policy. In terms of robustness, our measure performs better than a narrative-based measure of monetary policy available in the literature.