著作权互联网网示“反向”授权许可模式的探究

著作权的许可使用是著作权行使的主要方式之一。在网络环境下,著作权的许可面临着重重障碍。著作权是一种私权。著作权的保护和限制,体现了著作权法的利益平衡精神。互联网技术背景下,海量作品、海量作者引发的海量许可、海量侵权带来了著作权领域的世界性难题。因此许可模式的不断创新成为了当前急需解决的问题之一,如何实现许可效率与传播效率的同步提高,法定许可、集中许可与公共许可采取了不同方式,各自的适用范畴也成为著作权法修改中的难点问题。     

城市管道煤气定价的政府管制改进

自然垄断行业的成本弱增性,客观决定了由一个或少数企业提供特定的产品可以使成本极小化。垄断企业本能地追求自身利益最大化,使以追求社会整体经济效率,实现社会福利最大化为导向的政府管制成为必要。本文试图通过对一个城市管道煤气定价管制的案例进行分析,说明政府如何在有限的条件下,通过对价格管制的改进,在刺激企业提高生产效率和维护企业发展潜力的基础上,促进社会整体福利趋向极大化。     

浅析专利强制许可在疫苗推广中的应用

近年来，全球由于公共健康引发危机的现象频频发生，凸显了药品专利许可与保护公共健康之间的矛盾，药品的专利强制许可无疑是解决这一问题的一条途径。本文主要针对药品当中的疫苗，进一步阐述专利强制许可在疫苗推广中的应用。说明了在疫苗推广过程中专利强制许可起了非常重要的作用。证明了启动公共健康下的疫苗药物强制生产许可时不我待，针对主要问题提出了相应的解决办法。     

国有企业“轻装上阵”是否有助于提高创新水平？——基于“三供一业”改革的准自然实验

以国有企业分离“三供一业”社会职能为准自然实验，实证检验国有企业分离“办社会”职能对企业创新的影响。研究结果发现：通过分离“三供一业”社会职能，国有企业的创新水平得到显著提高；机制分析发现，分离“三供一业”社会职能通过更多的研发资金投入和更多的研发创新人员以及更高的薪酬契约有效性和更低的代理成本进而提高企业创新水平；异质性分析发现，分离“三供一业”社会职能对企业创新的影响在企业规模较大、分析师关注度较高、劳动密集型行业以及欠发达地区更强；进一步的经济后果检验表明，分离“三供一业”社会职能通过提高企业创新水平，进而提高国有企业的盈利能力和生产效率。     

关于提高工作效率规范超限运输审批许可行为的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆建设兵团交通厅（局、委），天津市市政工程局，上海市市政工程管理局： 近来。一些企业和运输业户反映各地在办理大件运输以及其他确需行驶公路的超限运输许可手续时。许可行为不规范。效率较低。给企业正常生产经营以及国家重点工程项目建设带来一定影响．为进一步增强服务意识。提高工作效率。规范大件运输以及其他确需行驶公路的超限运输审批许可程序。现就有关问题通知如下：     

古诺模型下技术许可转让的讨论

Arrow在1962年撰写的博士论文中首先系统分析了技术创新及转让对社会福利和资源配置的影响。他的论文为之一领域的研究做出了开创性的贡献。在早期的研究中，技术持有方本身并不参与生产和市场竞争，研究的重点落在单纯的转让利润上，抛开了技术转让对市场结构、企业竞争地位的影响。后来的研究推广到企业在取得技术创新后，如何最大化该项创新为企业带来的收益的问题。     

论美国中小IT企业集群技术许可战略与技术创新

美国中小IT企业集群已经成为美国IT产业不可或缺的一部分。本文分析了美国中小IT企业集群对技术许可战略的运用，及技术许可战略对美国中小IT企业集群技术创新的影响，得出了美国中小IT企业集群成功运用技术许可战略．带动了技术的流动与转移，从而促进了技术创新发展的结论．并针对中国中小IT企业集群的现状提出了对策与建议。     

土地流转、信息甄别与农村信用社贷款定价

本文使用信息甄别模型研究了农户土地流转行为与农村信用社贷款定价的关系。本文认为农户的土地流转行为可以反映其种地能力,因此农户的土地租赁情况可以作为一种信息识别机制,金融机构据此来识别贷款农户的风险状况。在实现自身盈利和支持"三农"双重目标的约束下,农村信用社会根据农户土地租赁的情况采取差异化的贷款定价策略,从而最大化自己的效用。因此,规范和发展农村的土地流转市场,不但有利于提高土地的生产效率,也有助于促进农村金融市场的发展。     

浅谈电子资源许可协议与文献传递服务

本文从网络环境下图书馆电子资源采购许可协议对文献传递服务影响产生的背景出发,探讨了许可协议对文献传递服务工作的影响,进而提出了应对策略.     

资本市场定价对企业劳动投资效率的影响研究

理论分析发现，资本市场定价偏离其内在价值会影响企业劳动投资效率，但在影响方向上存在促进还是抑制的不确定性。基此，利用2007—2019年中国A股非金融上市公司数据研究发现：实证结果支持了效率促进假说，资本市场错误估值每增加一个标准差，企业劳动投资效率将提高4.51%；机制检验表明，股价信息性和股权融资成本是两条促进作用渠道，前者表明管理者可以从股价中学习新的信息进而提高劳动投资决策效率，后者表明股价通过影响企业融资成本而提高劳动投资效率；资本市场错误估值既会抑制劳动过度投资，又会抑制劳动投资不足，对企业劳动投资效率的异质性影响表现为在股价高估、融资约束高和低壳溢价促进效应更显著。     

Optimal R&D Policy and Managerial Delegation Under Vertically Differentiated Duopoly

The paper investigates the optimal research and development (R&D) policy in a vertically differentiated market with managerial delegation. We consider not only discriminatory R&D policy but uniform R&D policy as well. It shows that R&D policy can vary depending on the regulator's objective: social welfare, consumer surplus or producer surplus; however, the outcomes are invariant to the nature of market competition. Undoubtedly, the relative‐performance contract plays a crucial role for elaborating policy effects. The government prefers discriminatory R&D policy to uniform policy under a consumer‐oriented objective. On the contrary, under a producer‐oriented objective, the government would prefer to choose uniform R&D policy rather than discriminatory policy.     

基于区块链的闭环供应链定价及回收策略

考虑区块链技术下新能源汽车闭环供应链定价及回收决策问题,构建制造商和零售商回收模式下链上成员Stackelberg博弈模型。结果表明,随着消费者对绿色产品偏好提升,碳减排努力、链上成员利润及社会福利等均增长;提高梯次利用比例将增加零售商回收模式下零售商利润、两种回收模式下制造商利润及社会福利,尤其引入区块链及制造商回收对社会福利影响显著;采用区块链单位成本满足一定阈值时,采用区块链有利于提升需求量和碳减排努力。     

The Impact of Industry Characteristics and IPR Policy on Foreign Direct Investment

This paper investigates the interaction of industry characteristics and intellectual property rights (IPRs) on multinational firm behavior. The results suggest that firms in industries with high capital costs are more likely to maintain control over production knowledge in countries with less intellectual property protection by engaging in foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, when IPRs are strong, firms in industries with high investment in research and development (R&D) are more likely to enter a market by licensing to an unaffiliated host firm. JEL no. F23, C25, O34     

Upstream privatization and downstream licensing

This study attempts to investigate the impact of downstream foreign licensing on upstream privatization policy in a vertically related market, in which a public firm and a domestic private firm supply exclusively to downstream domestic and foreign firms, respectively. We show that downstream licensing occurs when the cost differential between downstream duopolists is small, and the optimal strategy under licensing is upstream partial privatization. In addition, downstream foreign licensing facilitates upstream privatization. We further show that downstream licensing improves (reduces) local welfare when the cost differential is large (small).     

Cournot–Bertrand comparisons under R&D competition: Output versus R&D subsidies

We compare Cournot and Bertrand competitions with R&D investment under output versus R&D subsidy policies. We demonstrate that Cournot firms invest more (less) in R&D and the government grants more (less) subsidies than for Bertrand firms with output (R&D) subsidies. We also find that both competition modes yield the same welfare with output subsidy, while Bertrand yields higher welfare than Cournot with R&D subsidy. Finally, firms' profits and welfare in Cournot are higher under output subsidies, while they can be higher in Bertrand under R&D subsidies if the product substitutability is high and the firm's R&D investment is efficient.     

R&D Subsidies,Spillovers, and Privatization in Mixed Markets

We examine the use of subsidies to research and development (R&D) in a mixed and a private duopoly market. We show that the socially optimal R&D subsidy is increasing in the degree of spillovers, but it is lower in the private duopoly. The optimal R&D subsidy leads to an increase in total R&D and production; however, it does not lead to the equalization of per firm output and therefore to an efficient distribution of production costs. We also find that privatization of the public firm reduces R&D activity and welfare in the duopoly market. This result stands even when optimal R&D subsidies are provided.     

Reexamining the effect of packet pricing in the wireless internet

In this paper, we compare the market performances of circuit pricing whereby users are charged based on their length of usage time with packet pricing whereby users are charged based on the amount of information received. We show that, if packet pricing is introduced, the market price rises contrary to a widely held belief, but that the overall social welfare is unambiguously increased. Also, we show that a move to packet pricing lowers the price of multimedia transmission which requires a much higher speed, thereby increasing the usage of multimedia data in the absence of congestion, although this may not be the case in the presence of congestion.     

Advertising, in-house R&D, and growth

This paper develops a quality-ladder model of endogenous growthto study the interplay between in-house R&D and combativeadvertising expenditure, and its implications for economic growth,firm size, and welfare. The analysis shows that, somewhat surprisingly,higher incentives to engage in advertising, although combative,unambiguously foster innovation activity of firms. This, possibly,leads to faster growth and even higher welfare. These resultsrest on two features of the model which are well-supported byempirical evidence. First, if firms incur higher sunk costsfor marketing, concentration and firm size rise. Second, firmsize and R&D expenditure are positively related as largerfirms are able to spread R&D costs over higher sales. Theanalysis also suggests that R&D subsidies are conduciveto R&D and growth without inducing firms to raise advertisingoutlays.     

碳交易背景下考虑公平关切的双渠道闭环供应链定价决策

考虑到碳交易政策和公平偏好会影响双渠道闭环供应链定价决策，分别构建碳交易背景下公平中性、零售商公平关切信息对称与不对称时双渠道闭环供应链进行最优决策的Stackelberg动态博弈模型。通过求解各个均衡解，研究各个均衡解与制造商和零售商公平关切的关系。通过数值算例分析，着重考虑零售商公平关切信息对称与不对称时制造商和零售商公平关切对双闭环供应链最优定价决策的影响，并进行对比分析。研究结果表明：无论零售商公平关切信息对称还是不对称，新产品的销售价格与制造商和零售商公平关切都成正比，再制品的销售价格不受公平关切的影响；新产品的市场需求与制造商和零售商公平关切都成反比，再制品的市场需求与制造商和零售商的公平关切都成正比；公平关切会降低企业利润，公平关切信息不对称会加剧这一现象。     

论建设服务型政府与行政许可法

服务型政府是以提供公共服务为目标追求的政府,同时是个有限政府,有所为,有所不为,该管的事要管好,不可缺位,而那些属于市民社会自己能解决的问题,政府不可越位。建设有限政府,首先必须积极贯彻行政许可法的要求,减少审批项目,减政放权,因为行政许可是政府管理公共事务的主要手段,行政许可法的落实情况直接影响服务型政府建设的成效。政府还应该积极推进大部制改革,为行政许可法的实施铺平道路。