近期银行间市场隔夜拆借利率波动的原因分析

2011年以来,银行间市场隔夜拆借利率波动明显增强。尤其在月末与次月初表现得更为明显。这反映了银行流动性趋紧、货币调控“边际效应”增强的影响,也与存款“冲时点”有一定关联,从而使央行流动性调节与管理面临新的挑战。为此,有必要进一步加强对银行体系流动性走势的预测分析,研究改进商业银行流动性考核方式,使银行体系流动性保持在合理水平。     

The term structure of interbank risk

We infer a term structure of interbank risk from spreads between rates on interest rate swaps indexed to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and overnight indexed swaps. We develop a tractable model of interbank risk to decompose the term structure into default and non-default (liquidity) components. From August 2007 to January 2011, the fraction of total interbank risk due to default risk, on average, increases with maturity. At short maturities, the non-default component is important in the first half of the sample period and is correlated with measures of funding and market liquidity. The model also provides a framework for pricing, hedging, and risk management of interest rate swaps in the presence of significant basis risk.     

Overnight interbank markets and the determination of the interbank rate: A selective survey

Overnight interbank markets provide critical facilities for the banking system to manage, pool and redistribute its cash reserves. We provide a selective survey of the literature on overnight interbank markets. We outline the typical structure of overnight markets, including the networking relationships involved, as an indispensable prerequisite for a clear understanding of the workings of these markets. We review the theoretical and empirical studies on the determination of the overnight rate, and in that context discuss the implications of the 2007–08 financial crisis. We summarise key issues for further research.     

同业存单市场发展对Shibor的影响分析

同业存单的大规模发行为Shib0r中长端期限利率报价提供了真实的、可供参考的市场基础,文章通过系列实证检验后指出,存单发行利率能够单方向有效地引导Shibor报价,下一步可通过不断完善同业存单市场相关机制、加强对Shibor报价行报价监管力度等方面,加强Shibor中长端基准性建设。     

The effect of the interbank network structure on contagion and common shocks

This paper proposes a dynamic multi-agent model of a banking system with central bank. Banks optimize a portfolio of risky investments and riskless excess reserves according to their risk, return, and liquidity preferences. They are linked via interbank loans and face stochastic deposit supply. Comparing different interbank network structures, it is shown that money-centre networks are more stable than random networks. Evidence is provided that the central bank stabilizes interbank markets in the short run only. Systemic risk via contagion is compared with common shocks and it is shown that both forms of systemic risk require different optimal policy responses.     

The Canadian treasury bill auction and the term structure of interest rates

This paper examines the efficiency of the Canadian treasury bill market as measured by the performance of the expectations model of the term structure of interest rates. In particular, market efficiency is shown to depend upon certain institutional features of the treasury bill auction process. Building on past work by B. Campbell and J.W. Galbraith [Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 59 (2) (1997) 265–284], the paper establishes links between rejections of efficiency and high absolute values of the spread between six- and three-month interest rates. The major contribution of the paper is to then show that a link exists between weeks in which spreads are large and weeks in which accepted auction yields show a large degree of dispersion. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the term structure literature and for possible auction configurations currently under consideration in Canada and the US.     

Price synchronicity: The closing call auction and the London stock market

In this paper, we consider the impact of the introduction of a closing call auction on market quality of the London Stock Exchange. We employ the market model, RDD and MEC metrics of market quality. These signify substantial improvements to market quality at both the close and open for migrating stocks. We note that these improvements are larger at the open than the close. An important contribution of our paper is that we show that changes to market quality are stronger in those securities that have the lowest liquidity in the pre-call period. In contrast, market quality changes following the introduction of a closing call auction are approximately neutral for high-liquidity securities. We conclude that the implementation of a closing call auction, for high-liquidity securities may not enhance market quality.     

The role of the reference rate in an interbank market with imperfect information

This study investigates the potential role of the reference rate in an interbank market where individual banks cannot fully identify the nature of underlying shocks affecting their interbank transactions. We find that the reference rate does not always mitigate the market distortion arising from imperfect information. When the number of sample transactions is smaller than a certain threshold, the reference rate magnifies the distortion even if the reference rate is not affected by any reporting noise. The threshold depends on the relative size of aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks. Noise in the reported interest rates, which is potentially increased by banks' manipulations, distorts individual banks' inferences about the underlying shocks, and thereby raises the threshold. When noise is highly correlated among multiple sample transactions, perhaps owing to collusive manipulations, it is possible that increasing the number of sample transactions may never mitigate the market distortion.     

Auction failures and the market for auction rate securities

The market for auction rate securities (ARS) made headlines during the second week of February 2008 when auctions at which the bonds’ interest rates reset experienced a wave of “failures.” Contrary to headlines that attribute the failures to a “frozen” market or investors’ “irrationality,” we find that (1) even at their height, less than 50% of ARS experienced auction failures, (2) the likelihood of auction failure was directly related to the level of the bonds’ “maximum auction rates,” (3) the implied market clearing yields of bonds with failed auctions were significantly above their maximum auction rates, and (4) ARS yields were generally higher than yields of various cash equivalent investment alternatives. We infer that investors priced the possibility of auctions failures into ARS yields and rationally declined to bid for bonds for which required market yields exceeded their maximum auction rates.     

The effect of a closing call auction on market quality and trading strategies

We study the effects of the introduction of a closing auction (CA) on the microstructure on the continuous trading phase in Borsa Italiana and Paris Bourse. We postulate and compare several empirical predictions based on both standard Kyle-type models and more recent models of limit order book. We find that while the CA has no effect during most of the day, its effect on the last minutes of trading is dramatic. We document a sharp decline in volume, associated with a significant reduction in spread and volatility, and an increase in aggressiveness of liquidity suppliers during the last minutes. We show that the differences in the Reference Price algorithm between Milan and Paris have a significant effect: the CA attracts greater volumes when the Reference Price is equated to the CA price.     

The multiplex structure of interbank networks

The interbank market has a natural multiplex network representation. We employ a unique database of supervisory reports on Italian banks to the Banca d’Italia that includes all bilateral exposures broken down by maturity and by the secured and unsecured nature of the contract. We find that layers have different topological properties and persistence over time. The presence of a link in a layer is not a good predictor of the presence of the same link in other layers. Maximum entropy models reveal different unexpected substructures, such as network motifs, in different layers. Using the total interbank network or focusing on a specific layer as representative of the other layers provides a poor representation of interlinkages in the interbank market and could lead to biased estimation of systemic risk.     

Market-specific and currency-specific risk during the global financial crisis: Evidence from the interbank markets in Tokyo and London

This paper investigates how international money markets reflected credit and liquidity risk during the global financial crisis. After matching the currency denomination, we examine how the Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate (TIBOR) was synchronized with the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). We find remarkably asymmetric responses in market-specific and currency-specific risk during the crisis. The regression results suggest that market-specific credit risk increased the difference across markets, whereas liquidity risk caused the difference across currency denominations. They also support the view that liquidity shortage of the US dollar occurred in international money markets during the crisis. Coordinated central bank liquidity provisions were useful in reducing the liquidity shortage of the US dollar, but their effectiveness was asymmetric across markets.     

Network topology of the interbank market

We provide an empirical analysis of the network structure of the Austrian interbank market based on Austrian Central Bank (OeNB) data. The interbank market is interpreted as a network where banks are nodes and the claims and liabilities between banks define the links. This allows us to apply methods from general network theory. We find that the degree distributions of the interbank network follow power laws. Given this result we discuss how the network structure affects the stability of the banking system with respect to the elimination of a node in the network, i.e. the default of a single bank. Further, the interbank liability network shows a community structure that exactly mirrors the regional and sectoral organization of the current Austrian banking system. The banking network has the typical structural features found in numerous other complex real-world networks: a low clustering coefficient and a short average path length. These empirical findings are in marked contrast to the network structures that have been assumed thus far in the theoretical economic and econo-physics literature.     

Modelling the emergence of the interbank networks

Interbank contagion has become a buzzword in the aftermath of the financial crisis that led to a series of shocks to the interbank market and to periods of pronounced market disruptions. However, little is known about how interbank networks are formed and about their sensitivity to changes in key bank parameters (for example, induced by common exogenous shocks or by regulatory initiatives). This paper aims to shed light on these issues by modelling endogenously the formation of interbank networks, which in turn allows for checking the sensitivity of interbank network structures and hence, their underlying contagion risk to changes in market-driven parameters as well as to changes in regulatory measures such as large exposures limits. The sequential network formation mechanism presented in the paper is based on a portfolio optimization model, whereby banks allocate their interbank exposures while balancing the return and risk of counterparty default risk and the placements are accepted taking into account funding diversification benefits. The model offers some interesting insights into how key parameters may affect interbank network structures and can be a valuable tool for analysing the impact of various regulatory policy measures relating to banks’ incentives to operate in the interbank market.     

私募真相

一直以来,相对于“私人理财”的热闹,“企业理财”市场则略显沉闷。有业内人士介绍,造成这种局面一方面由于很多企业抱着“多一事不如少一事”的态度,使得相当一部分企业的闲置资金趴在账户上“睡觉”;而另一方面,目前公司理财的产品多是以固定收益类产品为主,投资回报与定期存款相差不大,波澜不惊的业绩回报让企业没有太强投资冲动。     

The volatility term structure in a lognormal process for the short rate

One-factor Markov models are widely used by practitioners for pricing financial options. Their simplicity facilitates their calibration to the intial conditions and permits fast computer Implementations. Nevertheless, the danger remains that such models behave unrealistically, if the calibration of the volatility is not properly done. Here, we study a lognormal process and investigate how to specify the volatility constraints in such a way that the term structure of volatility at future times, as implied by the short rate process, has a realistic and stable shape. However, the drifting down of the volatility term structure is unavoidable. As a result, there is a tendency to underestimate option prices.     

Macroeconomic releases and the interest rate term structure

We extract two systematic economic factors from a wide array of noisy and sparsely observed macroeconomic releases, and link the dynamics and market prices of the two factors to the interest rate term structure. The two factors predict 77.9–82.1% of the daily variation in LIBOR and swap rates from one month to 10 years. Shocks on inflation-related releases have large, positive impacts on interest rates of all maturities, leading to parallel shifts of the yield curve, but shocks on output-related releases have larger impacts on the short rate than on the long rate, thus generating a slope effect.     

On the efficiency of bilateral interbank insurance

This paper studies banks’ incentives to engage in liquidity cross-insurance. In contrast to previous literature we view interbank insurance as the outcome of bilateral (and non-exclusive) contracting between pairs of banks and ask whether this outcome is socially efficient. Using a simple model of interbank insurance we find that this is indeed the case when insurance takes place through pure transfers. This is even though liquidity support among banks sometimes breaks down, as observed in the crisis of 2007–2008. However, when insurance is provided against some form of repayment (such as is the case, for example, with credit lines), banks have a tendency to insure each other less than the socially efficient amount. We show that efficiency can be restored by introducing seniority clauses for interbank claims or through subsidies that resemble government interbank lending guarantees.     

中美博弈对人民币汇率的影响

特朗普在竞选过程中指责中国是汇率操纵国,声称要给中国征收45％的关税.显然,打贸易战不是目的,他是要逼迫人民币升值.美国是最大的经济大国、军事大国和国际政治大国,总体实力肯定比中国强得多.不过,中国在一些方面也具有不对称优势.这使得中美双方都不大可能以终极实力对决.对于中国来说,汇率政策需要符合本国的利益,会与之斗智斗勇.中美各方用于博弈牌都有哪些呢?