Formalization by the State,Re‐Informalization by the People: A Gecekondu Transformation Housing Estate as Site of Multiple Discrepancies

This article demonstrates residents' transformative practices and discusses attendant outcomes to contribute to an understanding of state‐built housing estates for people affected by urban transformation projects. It draws upon ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a social housing estate (K‐TOKI) in the Northern Ankara Entrance Urban Transformation Project (NAEUTP). It addresses questions on why formalization of informal housing takes place today, under what conditions it is countered by re‐informalization practices, and what the outcomes of this process are. As informal housing became formalized by NAEUTP, gecekondu dwellers were forced into formalized spaces and lives within K‐TOKI, which was based on a middle‐class lifestyle in its design and its legally required central management. Informality re‐emerged in K‐TOKI when the state's housing institution, in response to the estate's poor marketability, moved out, allowing residents to reappropriate spaces to meet their needs and form their own management system. When cultural norms that are inscribed in the built environment and financial norms that treat residents as clients conflict with everyday practices and financial capabilities, the urban poor increasingly engage in acts of informality. I argue that the outcome of this informality in a formal context is a site of multiple discrepancies.     

国家审计如何提升贫困地区农村居民收入？——兼论5年过渡期巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的审计应对策略

选取2013—2019年的省级面板数据，研究国家审计对贫困地区农村居民收入的影响，结果表明：（1）国家审计能够显著提升贫困地区农村居民的人均可支配收入。（2）督促财政资金的持续投入、提升财政资金管理的规范程度和绩效水平是国家审计提高贫困地区农村居民收入的重要机制。（3）在绩效导向文化消极、信息技术水平较高的地区，国家审计对贫困地区农村居民收入的提升效应更显著。研究结论可以为国家审计聚焦乡村振兴专项资金的真实合法效益，巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接提供有益借鉴。     

农村垃圾与污水处理的研究

农村生活垃圾与污水处理仍相对落后,加强农村垃圾和污水的集中处理刻不容缓。要想解决农村的垃圾和污水问题,就必须要强化当地政府责任,完善法律法规、积极发挥市场调节作用,增强农村居民环保意识,倡导绿色消费,推行农村垃圾分类,农村污水应时应地集中无害化处理,从而构建和谐、美丽的新农村。     

“新农合”对农村居民耐用品消费的影响

本文利用中国营养健康调查（CHNS）数据,基于改进的Probit模型检验了新型农村合作医疗保险对农村居民耐用品消费的影响。研究发现：“新农合”能有效提高农村家庭的耐用品消费水平,且农村家庭上一期参保行为对耐用品消费的刺激作用更显著。另外,“新农合”对存在中、高健康风险居民的耐用品消费刺激作用明显,且上期参保行为对健康高风险居民的耐用品消费促进作用更强。     

国内乡村旅游者旅游动机及消费行为研究综述

社会发展趋势导致城乡互动关系由农业支持工业阶段进入工业反哺农业,城市带动乡村的发展阶段;城市化也大大刺激了城市居民的出游动机;再加之乡村交通条件的改善和新假期制度的变更,带动了乡村旅游的产生和发展,并使乡村旅游成为缩小城乡差距,帮助农民脱贫致富的有力举措。     

Challenges for Social‐Change Organizing in Rural Areas

Corporate criminality and corporate welfare proliferate, and their victims mount. Rural inhabitants, human and nonhuman, are among those most affected. Rural areas are particularly affected by chemical contamination, fossil fuel exploitation, the absence of coverage of relevant local issues by the media, marginalization by governments, and the loss of cherished places and ways of life. There has never been a greater need for collective opposition to the forces undermining rural life. But conditions make it especially difficult, with growing poverty, dwindling and aging populations, lack of transit, unreliable, spotty telecommunications, and other obstacles. These factors and others are used to illustrate why ramped‐up activism is essential to protect the rights of rural residents, the natural environment, and the farmlands that feed the majority of the U.S. population.     

Geographic poverty traps? A micro model of consumption growth in rural China

How important are neighbourhood endowments of physical and human capital in explaining diverging fortunes over time for otherwise identical households in a developing rural economy? To answer this question we develop an estimable micro model of consumption growth allowing for constraints on factor mobility and externalities, whereby geographic capital can influence the productivity of a household's own capital. Our statistical test has considerable power in detecting geographic effects given that we control for latent heterogeneity in measured consumption growth rates at the micro level. We find robust evidence of geographic poverty traps in farm‐household panel data from post‐reform rural China. Our results strengthen the equity and efficiency case for public investment in lagging poor areas in this setting. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

困局与破局:PPP模式下我国乡村旅游助推乡村振兴研究

2017年,党的十九大提出了乡村振兴战略,这是我国“三农”工作的国家战略和重大机遇,乡村旅游是推进乡村振兴的重要抓手和有效途径。但我国乡村旅游发展受资金、经营能力、管理经验等多种因素掣肘。基于此,论文提出了建立健全我国乡村旅游PPP模式的法律法规、加强各级政府的PPP项目信息化平台建设、重视乡村旅游的居民参与以及加强我国乡村旅游PPP项目人才培养等建议,以此促进我国乡村旅游发展、落实乡村振兴战略。     

Mixture models of choice under risk

This paper is concerned with estimating preference functionals for choice under risk from the choice behaviour of individuals. We note that there is heterogeneity in behaviour between individuals and within individuals. By ‘heterogeneity between individuals’ we mean that people are different, in terms of both their preference functionals and their parameters for these functionals. By ‘heterogeneity within individuals’ we mean that the behaviour may be different even by the same individual for the same choice problem. We propose methods of taking into account all forms of heterogeneity, concentrating particularly on using a Mixture Model to capture the heterogeneity of preference functionals.     

黑龙江省农村居民人均纯收入构成分析

黑龙江省农村居民收入的增长对其生活质量有较大的影响。2008-2012年黑龙江省农村居民收入构成比例由高到底依次为家庭经营性收入、工资性收入、转移性收入与财产性收入,且财产性收入比例一直呈上升趋势。     

Poverty Dynamics of Households in Rural China

The objective of our study is to identify patterns and causes of households' transitions into and out of poverty using the long household panel data on rural China in 1989–2009. We propose a discrete‐time multi‐spell duration model that not only corrects for unobserved heterogeneity, but also addresses the endogeneity due to dynamic selection associated with household's livelihood strategies. The household choosing farming or out‐migration as a main livelihood strategy was more likely to escape from persistent poverty than those taking local non‐agricultural employment. The present study emphasizes the central role of agriculture in helping the chronically poor escape from poverty.     

农村公共产品供给层次性分析

统筹城乡经济发展和建设社会主义新农村首要面临的问题是为农村、农民提供基本而有保障的公共物品。农村公共物品不仅存在供给总量的短缺问题,而且存在需求层次与供给结构之间的脱节。因此,解决现阶段农村公共物品供给矛盾的有效途径是抓住"工业反哺农业"这一契机,优化农村公共物品的供给结构,不断提高公共财政资金的利用效率。     

‘There are Really Two Cities Here’: Fragmented Urban Citizenship In Tel Aviv

The inflow of African migrants into Tel Aviv's southern neighborhoods has aroused much resentment from long‐term residents. Contesting the uneven burden sharing, which exacerbates already poor conditions at the local level, southern residents have aimed their grievances at municipal and national policymakers as well as the city's more affluent northern residents. In analyzing the contestation, this article challenges traditional conceptions of migrants as the binary opposition to residents of the host city, intruders on the shared and socio‐culturally homogenous urban arena. We build on recent theorizations of urban citizenship as an agency‐centered process to think through the ways in which city residents articulate their identities relationally and hierarchically against new and old ‘others’ and argue that international newcomers have destabilized long‐conceived social relations. Using narratives of long‐term southern residents, we illustrate how the uneven geographies of African migrants' settlement in Tel Aviv have (re)set in motion a process of urban citizenship formation by southern residents, thereby adding new layers of contention to what was already a highly stratified realm.     

The Middle Way: The National Catholic Rural Life Conference and Rural Issues in the 20th and 21st Centuries

This article explains how the National Catholic Rural Life Conference (NCRLC), from its founding in 1923 to the present, applied basic Catholic principles in response to a succession of changes in American rural society. In doing so, it proposed a middle way between capitalism and socialism and between the Democratic and Republican parties. In the 1920s, the Reverend Edwin V. O'Hara founded the NCRLC mainly to bolster the demographically weak rural Church. In the 1930s, the NCRLC turned to economic concerns in response to the Great Depression. It supported many New Deal programs that helped farmers as well as cooperatives and a “back‐to‐the‐land” movement. The Conference consistently supported the family farm as the basic institution of a morally and economically sound rural society. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Conference entered the realm of international affairs under Monsignor Luigi G. Ligutti and addressed problems of world hunger, land reform, and underdeveloped countries. Under Monsignor Edward W. O'Rourke, who became director in 1960, the NCRLC joined in the movement for social justice and campaigned for the rights of the rural poor and migrant farm workers. Starting around 1970, the Conference became increasingly interested in environmental and energy issues. The NCRLC is in harmony with the 21^st‐century pope, Francis, on rural and ecological issues.     

Impacts of Privatization of Customary Land Rights in Zambia: A Comparative Study of Rural and Peri‐urban Locations

In its quest for development, Zambia is pursuing a land policy that facilitates privatization of customary land. This article investigates the effects of privatization in terms of how it shapes people's behaviour and perception of private tenure and related tenure dynamics. Findings have shown that the appetite to privatize land is growing stronger in peri‐urban areas as land becomes more scarce. Furthermore, privatization of land appears to be a threat to traditional political structures as allegiance and loyalty towards chiefs diminish and tension and struggles over land in peri‐urban areas increase. Similarly, privatization of land erodes people's faith in the role that cultural and ancestral beliefs play in traditional land management. Also, people in rural areas tend to favour private tenure more if ‘privatization of customary land’ means allocation of land to outsiders. If, by contrast, the phrase is taken to mean communities registering their own land, peri‐urban communities tend to have a stronger desire to register land. Furthermore, rural communities were found to be less informed about land policy and seemed less keen to be involved in land policy processes when compared to peri‐urban residents. However, rural people may have no reason to inform themselves about land policy until they realise that the policy is likely to affect them.     

Who's Afraid of Rural Poverty? The Story Behind America's Invisible Poor

Rural poverty and rural issues in general remain invisible in the United States to the urban majority. Rural sociologists have tried to raise these issues, but even in the field of sociology, they have been sidelined for several generations. Progressives treat urban poverty with sympathy and rural poverty with contempt because the latter is stereotyped as a problem that afflicts only white families, who are then blamed for failings of the economy as a whole. In fact, persistent rural poverty is concentrated in pockets in Appalachia, the Mississippi Delta, and several other regions, many of which are inhabited by blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Nevertheless, it seems that making rural poverty as much a concern among progressive Democrats as urban poverty has been will require a different political orientation towards rural issues. Such an approach was visible briefly during Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, but it has had little influence on other candidates for high office.     

贫困地区农村公路建养资金来源研究

农村公路作为连接城乡的"毛细血管",起到的作用是不容忽视的。按照我国现行农村公路的修建标准,"凡建即补"的政策,只有在地方配套资金到位的前提下,上一级政府才会依据补助标准拨款。然而贫困地区由于经济发展水平较低,资金匮乏,配套资金问题严重,导致农村公路修建里程及养护远远达不到需求。本文主要从贫困地区农村公路建设与养护现状与存在问题出发,突破传统的"一刀切"政策。     

A GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis approach using AHP for rural settlement site selection and eco-village design in Erzincan,Turkey

In recent years, natural resource depletion, rapid population growth, and increasing urbanization have all reached new heights. All of these ecological problems that exceed the planet's absorbing capacity, have begun to imperil both human life and nature itself. Rural settlement plans aim to optimize the use of natural resources. Agricultural lands are used for non-agricultural purposes as a result of proper placement planning of rural settlements. The suitability of land for a specific purpose is determined via suitability analysis. Therefore, it is extremely important to use technological innovations in the selection of rural settlement areas in addition to considering the technical, economic, and social factors in determining the most suitable locations. With the advancement of computer technology, Geographical Information System (GIS) has become an important tool for more effective use of rural areas. In this study, the most suitable rural settlement area was determined by using GIS in Erzincan Province. Technical, social, cultural, and economic criteria were developed for the selection of the location. Alternative locations were analyzed using the GIS, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and the Analytical Hierarchy Process method based on the criteria and site data. The most suitable areas for rural settlements were chosen as the Merkez, Tercan, Kemaliye, and Kemah districts in Erzincan Province. Çağlayan town in the Merkez district has been determined as the most suitable region for an eco-village and a cost calculation and 3D eco-village design were carried out in Çağlayan.     

中国农村金融集聚对农民消费影响的空间效应研究

研究目标:从空间维度考察农村金融集聚对农民消费的影响。研究方法:利用2009～2018年30个省份和四大区域的面板数据,构建空间杜宾模型,估计金融集聚的空间效应,即特定地区农民消费如何关联于本地区和邻近地区的金融集聚。研究发现:在全国省级层面上,农民消费不仅受本省农村金融集聚的显著影响,同时还受到邻近省份空间溢出的显著影响。分区域检验显示,一方面,东部和东北部地区农民消费受到域内金融集聚的影响显著,而中、西部地区则不显著。这一区域差异与农民收入对农民消费的影响具有一致性,但农民收入影响更大。另一方面,中部、西部和东北地区的农民消费受邻近区域金融集聚溢出效应的影响显著,但东部地区则不显著。研究表明,一是农村金融发展对农民消费具有重要影响,二是农民收入过低会弱化金融发展对消费促进效应,增加农民收入是提升消费的根本;三是加强落后地区与发达地区金融合作有利于实现共赢。研究创新:将空间效应引入农村金融集聚对农民消费影响的研究,探究了该影响的空间特征及关联性。研究价值:对农村金融集聚的消费促进效应做出了更全面的评价,为发挥农村金融促进农民消费的政策制定和实施提供抓手。     

大城市周边农村居民点空间格局演化及其机理——以武汉市江夏区为例

以武汉市江夏区为例,综合运用土地覆盖变化的动态度、核密度、邻近距离测度等方法,定量分析江夏区农村居民点1996、2006及2016年的空间格局演变特征,并识别影响演化的因素。结果表明:大城市周边农村居民点演变剧烈,各街道之间的差异显著,且具有明显的导向性;江夏区农村居民点空间分布从"单点高值集中"向"多点中高值集中"转变,整体呈现"西密东疏"的空间差异;交通的引导作用加强,地形的限制作用减弱;农村居民点呈现明显且强烈的向大城市中心城区聚拢的趋势与特征;中心城市(县城)、中心镇镇区、一般镇镇区周边的农村居民点变化更加明显;社会、空间和经济维度分别对农村居民点演变产生复杂的影响机制。