Price Promotion Evaluation Using Price Discrimination Theory

Abstract

Traditional methods for evaluating price promotions may judge some profitable events to be unsuccessful and some unprofitable ones to be effective. A new, simplified approach based on price discrimination theory is proposed to help marketers identify efficient price promotions and boost their marketing spending productivity.     

价格歧视理论研究综述

价格歧视理论是现代产业组织理论研究的热点之一。通过对相关理论研究文献的回顾,分析了价格歧视对社会福利、产业利润的影响,探讨了产生价格歧视的原因及其与市场进入之间的关系,同时重点考察了惠卖定价策略和多产品竞争条件下的价格差异现象,以期为处理相关价格歧视问题提供理论依据。     

Price Discrimination by Coupons Restriction

In this paper we show how the use of a restricted number of coupons in the presence of different types of customers is an effective means of implementing a price discriminating policy. Hence, firm profits can be increased even when traditional price discrimination is forbidden.     

Import Tax Cuts to Relieve Pressure on Price Rises

The Iran-Europe Commercial Bank started its work in lran on May 29, the first of six foreign banks which are allowed to open in Iran.     

Expectations and Attitudes Toward Gender-Based Price Discrimination

This study explores consumer expectations and attitudes related to gender-based price discrimination. Although much research has focused on pay inequalities and gender diversity, considerably less attention has been focused on situations in which men and women are charged different prices based on gender. In two studies, expectations and attitudes toward gender-based price discrimination are examined. In Study 1, two scenarios related to prices at hair salon and dry cleaning services were manipulated to measure expectations and attitudes toward gender-based price discrimination. We found that the nature of the service results in expectations of price differences between men and women. We also found men expect gender-based pricing more than women. In Study 2, qualitative research was conducted to reveal the cognitions that men and women experience when exposed to gender-based price discrimination.     

Price Discrimination with One-way Separated Markets

This paper extends the traditional model of third degree price discrimination which assumes complete separation between markets to the case where markets are only one-way separated. In two periods of time one can carry over quantities of the product from the present to the future but not vice versa. We show that this model provides a wide framework for analysis of several promotional marketing strategies.     

Online Price Discrimination and EU Data Privacy Law

Online shops could offer each website customer a different price. Such personalized pricing can lead to advanced forms of price discrimination based on individual characteristics of consumers, which may be provided, obtained, or assumed. An online shop can recognize customers, for instance through cookies, and categorize them as price-sensitive or price-insensitive. Subsequently, it can charge (presumed) price-insensitive people higher prices. This paper explores personalized pricing from a legal and an economic perspective. From an economic perspective, there are valid arguments in favour of price discrimination, but its effect on total consumer welfare is ambiguous. Irrespectively, many people regard personalized pricing as unfair or manipulative. The paper analyses how this dislike of personalized pricing may be linked to economic analysis and to other norms or values. Next, the paper examines whether European data protection law applies to personalized pricing. Data protection law applies if personal data are processed, and this paper argues that that is generally the case when prices are personalized. Data protection law requires companies to be transparent about the purpose of personal data processing, which implies that they must inform customers if they personalize prices. Subsequently, consumers have to give consent. If enforced, data protection law could thereby play a significant role in mitigating any adverse effects of personalized pricing. It could help to unearth how prevalent personalized pricing is and how people respond to transparency about it.     

创新，21世纪中华腾飞的动力——新年献辞

江山千古秀,华夏万年春.新的一年--2001年,带着勃勃生机,带着青春活力,带着无限希望,款款地来到了中华大地.她的到来,表明历史的车轮已驶进了新的21世纪.     

A Welfare Evaluation of History-Based Price Discrimination

We design an asymmetric duopoly model with inherited market dominance such that the dominant firm and the smaller firm can price discriminate based on consumers’ purchase history. We show that uniform pricing softens competition leading to higher industry profits than under history-based pricing. Consumers benefit from history-based price discrimination unless the switching cost is sufficiently high and the inherited degree of dominance is sufficiently weak. A ban on history-based pricing would typically introduce a distributional conflict between consumers and producers. Finally, we establish that the gains to industry profits associated with uniform pricing exceed the associated losses to consumers.     

Explaining Consumers' Reactions to Price Changes in Service Industries

No abstract available for this article.     

网络营销中价格歧视的利与弊

本文认为,网络营销中的个人化定价、版本划分和群体定价是价格歧视的三种表现形式.与实物市场相比,网络营销具有实行价格歧视的更强能力和优势,但由于信息的非对称性,在网络营销中实施价格歧视策略也会产生不利后果,会使用户失去最基本的价格支配能力,引起更多的利益由买方转移到卖方,会导致消费者更严重的逆向选择.文章提出,要建立合理的网络营销战略,一方面要利用声誉途径避免价格歧视的弊端;另一方面要实施网络忠诚战略,提升顾客的忠诚度,保证企业的可持续发展.     

价格歧视行为的反垄断法规制研究

价格歧视是指经营者在提供相同商品或服务时不合理地实施差别价格的行为.基于对垄断行为复杂性的认识,借鉴世界上其他国家经验,我国反垄断法确定了对垄断行为进行合理分析的原则,以判断经营者实施的行为是否属于反垄断规制中的垄断行为,进而明确该行为是否具有排除、限制市场竞争效果.我国反垄断法的很多规范都不是对一种行为作简单的“是”“非”判断,而是进行理性的效果分析.合理原则充分体现了反垄断法的复杂性和灵活性.因此,在反价格垄断执法过程中,要坚持合理分析原则,对经营者实施的某项具体行为不能简单地判定其是否构成价格垄断行为,要综合考虑其他因素,最终确定是否应当对其进行反垄断规制.     

Third-Degree Price Discrimination in the Presence of Asymmetric Consumption Externalities

In this paper, we consider third-degree price discrimination in two markets in the presence of asymmetric consumption externalities; we establish that under plausible conditions, a firm reduces its price in the market with low price elasticity of demand. The firm can increase its profits by reducing the price for these consumers and enlarging the demand for other consumers, provided that positive consumption externalities exist. Moreover, we show that third-degree price discrimination enhances not only the firm’s profit but also total consumer surplus.

An Analysis of Price Discrimination in Brand Name Drug Wholesaling

Accounting measures of profitability are viewed by the academic literature with skepticism, perhaps even disdain. Accounting information and accounting rates of return are, however, relied upon extensively by market participants to compare and contrast the economic performance of alternative investments, alternative companies and alternative industries, at a single point in time and over time. We believe that accounting information and accounting measures of profitability can be useful under specific conditions. We agree that important concerns do arise about the appropriateness of accounting measures for certain analyses. However, one can take these concerns too far. We describe one such situation – one involving an antitrust complaint of price discrimination in a particular network industry – wholesaling in pharmaceutical product markets.     

Third-Degree Price Discrimination, Consumption Externalities, and Market Opening

This study investigates the effects of monopolistic third-degree price discrimination on market opening in the presence of consumption externalities between separate markets. Assuming symmetric interdependent linear demands and constant marginal cost, we indicate the possibility that with negative externalities a monopolist can do better by closing the relatively small market from the social welfare viewpoint, while it prefers opening that market if price discrimination is feasible. This result contradicts the previous literature on third-degree price discrimination and market opening which asserts that, in the case of non-increasing marginal cost, price discrimination improves social welfare if it opens new markets that are closed under uniform pricing.     

价格歧视定义的经济学认知和规范

价格歧视是经济学中的一个重要名词,但定义令人不满意,通过对现有定义的综述,摒弃完全垄断市场结构和完全垄断厂商分析框架,比较归纳价格歧视产品的范围,打破了采取价格歧视一定产生好结果的观念.从市场结构、实施主体、价格歧视媒介、实施效果等方面分析价格歧视后,对其定义给予补充.     

基于跨期选择、价格歧视的供给者与消费者博弈

消费者具有为未来需要储存的倾向,更愿意通过储存获得跨期套利。本文通过建立跨期选择模型,运用不完全信息静态博弈的方法研究供给者和消费者跨期选择行为,认为供给者收益增加增强了供给者改善储存工艺、延长价格歧视行为的动机;消费者随着收入的增加对价格变化的敏感度降低,储存倾向也降低,消费者跨期选择效用变化不显著,同时社会福利也趋于增加。     

中澳铁矿砂价格谈判对中国各产业的影响

文章采用可计算一般均衡模型评估了铁矿砂价格变化对中国各产业的影响。模拟结果显示,铁矿砂进口价格的大幅度上升,给中国各产业带来了一定的负面影响,其中受影响较大的产业主要是铁矿业、钢铁业、机械设备业、煤、汽车、建筑、纺织服装业以及羊毛等。借中澳FTA谈判之际,若中澳可以达成较为有利的铁矿砂基准价格,将会使得中国由于铁矿砂国际价格普遍上涨所承受的负面影响程度缩小,且从澳大利亚进口铁矿砂的比重将有较大幅度提高。